Smith P H
Pomona College, Claremont, California, USA.
Endeavour. 2000;24(1):13-21. doi: 10.1016/s0160-9327(99)01259-4.
In about 1400, northern European artists suddenly began to depict the natural and human world in a 'realistic' or 'naturalistic' manner. At about the same time, new ideas about how to describe nature realistically emerged among scholars investigating the natural world. Over the next two centuries, this new approach to nature (which eventually became known as 'science') and the belief that it could provide a realistic depiction of nature transformed human attitudes to nature and the material world. Artisans or craftspeople were central to this transformation and thus more important than is usually recognized in forming the new attitudes that characterized the Scientific Revolution.
大约在1400年，北欧艺术家突然开始以“写实”或“自然主义”的方式描绘自然和人类世界。大约在同一时间，在研究自然界的学者中出现了关于如何逼真描述自然的新观念。在接下来的两个世纪里，这种对待自然的新方法（最终被称为“科学”）以及认为它能提供对自然逼真描绘的信念，改变了人类对自然和物质世界的态度。工匠在这一转变中至关重要，因此在形成标志着科学革命的新态度方面，他们比通常所认识到的更为重要。
