Newman K, Helzner J F
International Planned Parenthood Federation, Regent's College, Inner Circle, Regent's Park, London, United Kingdom.
J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 1999 May;8(4):459-63. doi: 10.1089/jwh.1.1999.8.459.
For most of human existence and in most societies, women have been considered to be property and subject to men. Throughout history, with such notable exceptions as Queen Boadicea, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Elizabeth I of England, and Catherine the Great of Russia, women had little or no power until early in the 20th century when the women's suffrage movement was successful in the United States and in some European countries. As women have gained political rights, groups of women have sought sexual and reproductive rights, as exemplified by the feminist movement of the past few decades in the United States. Although marked strides toward achievement of reproductive choice have been taken in high-income countries, there remain major strictures to reproductive freedom for women in low-income countries. This area, which is replete with ethical and moral issues, has been addressed by the International Planned Parenthood Foundation (IPPF), which has worked to improve the sexual and reproductive health of women throughout the world. The IPPF Charter on Sexual and Reproductive Rights is a paradigm for both women's rights and human rights. Karen Newman is policy adviser with the IPPF and has codrafted the IPPF Charter on Sexual and Reproductive Rights together with two lawyers. She has held several positions within the IPPF, including medical researcher, press officer, and programme adviser in Europe, where she had responsibility for working with new family planning associations (FPAs) in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. At present, she is working to increase the capacity of IPPF member FPAs to undertake human rights-based advocacy for sexual and reproductive health and rights. Judith F. Helzner is director of Sexual and Reproductive Health at International Planned Parenthood Federation/Western Hemisphere Region, Inc., where she has worked since 1987. She holds M.A. degrees from the University of Pennsylvania in International Relations and Demography. Her previous employment includes the Pathfinder Fund and the International Women's Health Coalition.
在人类存在的大部分时间里以及在大多数社会中，女性一直被视为财产并受男性支配。纵观历史，除了像布狄卡女王、阿基坦的埃莉诺、英格兰的伊丽莎白一世和俄罗斯的叶卡捷琳娜大帝等著名例外，女性几乎没有权力，直到20世纪初美国和一些欧洲国家的妇女选举权运动取得成功。随着女性获得政治权利，一些女性群体开始寻求性权利和生殖权利，美国过去几十年的女权运动就是例证。尽管高收入国家在实现生殖选择方面取得了显著进展，但低收入国家的女性在生殖自由方面仍面临重大限制。这个充满伦理和道德问题的领域已由国际计划生育联合会（IPPF）加以解决，该组织致力于改善全世界女性的性健康和生殖健康。IPPF的《性与生殖权利宪章》是女性权利和人权的典范。凯伦·纽曼是IPPF的政策顾问，她与两位律师共同起草了IPPF的《性与生殖权利宪章》。她在IPPF担任过多个职位，包括医学研究员、新闻官以及欧洲的项目顾问，在欧洲时她负责与捷克共和国和斯洛伐克的新计划生育协会合作。目前，她正在努力提高IPPF成员计划生育协会基于人权对性健康和生殖健康及权利进行宣传的能力。朱迪思·F·赫尔兹纳是国际计划生育联合会/西半球地区性与生殖健康主任，自1987年以来一直在该地区工作。她拥有宾夕法尼亚大学国际关系和人口统计学硕士学位。她此前的工作经历包括开拓者基金和国际妇女健康联盟。
