Weichselbaum R C, Feeney D A, Jessen C R, Osborne C A, Dreytser V, Holte J
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, C339 Veterinary Teaching Hospital, St. Paul 55108, USA.
Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2000 May-Jun;41(3):235-40. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01485.x.
Nine pure mineral types of canine uroliths (bladder or urethral origin only) were exposed to sequential increasing concentrations of iodinated, radiographic contrast medium in petri dishes. The uroliths studied were those composed of 100% magnesium ammonium phosphate, calcium oxalate monohydrate, calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium phosphate appatite, and calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Brushite), ammonium acid urate, sodium acid urate, cystine, and silica. Two phenomena were observed. First, there was a tendency for selected urocystoliths to undergo radiopacity augmentation beyond that expected for just contrast medium superimposition. This was termed, contrast medium adhesion, which persisted despite repeated washing of the urocystoliths. Second, there was a tendency for bubbles to form on or near selected urocystolith chemical types. These observations prompted careful scrutiny for their occurrence in subsequent clinical simulation of radiographic procedures using these same urocystoliths in a urinary bladder phantom. Imaging techniques simulated were survey radiography, pneumocystography, double contrast cystography (two iodine concentrations). The contrast medium adhesion occurrence found in the petri dish studies was compared to urocystolith mineral type. Similar comparisons were made for contrast medium adhesion occurrence in the bladder phantom. The detection of contrast medium adhesion in the bladder phantom differed from that observed in the petri dish experiments. While contrast adhesion occurred across a fairly broad range of the urocystolith mineral types in the petri dish studies, it was observed primarily for sodium acid urate and cystine urocystoliths in the bladder phantom. Prompted by the observation of bubbles in association with a limited number of urocystolith types in the petri dish studies, bubble occurrence in the bladder phantom was compared to the urocystolith type. Bubble formation on or near the urocystoliths, although uncommonly observed, was seen only with either cystine or silica urocystoliths. The potential clinical utility and clinical caveat aspects of these phenomena are discussed.
九种纯矿物类型的犬类尿路结石（仅源于膀胱或尿道）在培养皿中依次暴露于浓度不断增加的碘化放射造影剂中。所研究的尿路结石包括由100%磷酸镁铵、一水合草酸钙、二水合草酸钙、磷酸钙磷灰石、二水合磷酸氢钙（透钙磷石）、尿酸酸式铵、尿酸酸式钠、胱氨酸和二氧化硅组成的结石。观察到两种现象。首先，某些膀胱结石有出现放射不透性增强的趋势，其增强程度超过仅由造影剂叠加所预期的程度。这被称为造影剂黏附，即使对膀胱结石反复冲洗，这种现象仍然存在。其次，某些膀胱结石化学类型上或其附近有形成气泡的趋势。这些观察结果促使我们在随后使用这些相同的膀胱结石在膀胱模型中进行放射学检查临床模拟时，仔细检查这些现象的发生情况。模拟的成像技术包括平片摄影、膀胱充气造影、双重对比膀胱造影（两种碘浓度）。将培养皿研究中发现的造影剂黏附情况与膀胱结石矿物类型进行比较。对膀胱模型中造影剂黏附情况也进行了类似的比较。在膀胱模型中造影剂黏附的检测结果与在培养皿实验中观察到的不同。在培养皿研究中，造影剂黏附发生在相当广泛的膀胱结石矿物类型范围内，而在膀胱模型中，主要观察到尿酸酸式钠和胱氨酸膀胱结石出现造影剂黏附。由于在培养皿研究中观察到仅有限数量的膀胱结石类型会出现气泡，因此将膀胱模型中气泡的出现情况与膀胱结石类型进行了比较。膀胱结石上或其附近形成气泡的情况虽然不常见，但仅在胱氨酸或二氧化硅膀胱结石中观察到。本文讨论了这些现象的潜在临床应用和临床注意事项。
