King A P, Edwards P J, Maurer C R, de Cunha D A, Hawkes D J, Hill D L, Gaston R P, Fenlon M R, Strong A J, Chandler C L, Richards A, Gleeson M J
Computational Imaging Science Group, Division of Radiological Sciences and Medical Engineering, King's, Guy's and St. Thomas' Schools of Medicine, KCL, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 1999;72(2-4):107-11. doi: 10.1159/000029708.
We present a system for surgical navigation using stereo overlays in the operating microscope aligned to the operative scene. This augmented reality system provides 3D information about nearby structures and offers a significant advancement over pointer-based guidance, which provides only the location of one point and requires the surgeon to look away from the operative scene. With a previous version of this system, we demonstrated feasibility, but it became clear that to achieve convincing guidance through the magnified microscope view, a very high alignment accuracy was required. We have made progress with several aspects of the system, including automated calibration, error simulation, bone-implanted fiducials and a dental attachment for tracking. We have performed experiments to establish the visual display parameters required to perceive overlaid structures beneath the operative surface. Easy perception of real and virtual structures with the correct transparency has been demonstrated in a laboratory and through the microscope. The result is a system with a predicted accuracy of 0.9 mm and phantom errors of 0.5 mm. In clinical practice errors are 0.5-1.5 mm, rising to 2-4 mm when brain deformation occurs.
我们展示了一种手术导航系统，该系统在手术显微镜中使用立体叠加图并与手术场景对齐。这种增强现实系统提供了附近结构的三维信息，与基于指针的引导相比有了显著进步，后者仅提供一个点的位置，并且需要外科医生将视线从手术场景移开。在该系统的前一个版本中，我们证明了其可行性，但很明显，要通过放大的显微镜视图实现令人信服的引导，需要非常高的对齐精度。我们在系统的几个方面取得了进展，包括自动校准、误差模拟、骨植入基准点和用于跟踪的牙科附件。我们进行了实验，以确定在手术表面下方感知叠加结构所需的视觉显示参数。在实验室和通过显微镜已经证明，可以轻松地以正确的透明度感知真实和虚拟结构。结果是一个预测精度为0.9毫米、体模误差为0.5毫米的系统。在临床实践中，误差为0.5 - 1.5毫米，当发生脑变形时误差会升至2 - 4毫米。
