Semino O, Passarino G, Quintana-Murci L, Liu A, Béres J, Czeizel A, Santachiara-Benerecetti A S
Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia A Buzzati Traverso, Università di Pavia, Italy.
Eur J Hum Genet. 2000 May;8(5):339-46. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200468.
Magyars imposed their language on Hungarians but seem not to have affected their genetic structure. To better investigate this point, we analysed some mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphisms in a sample of the Hungarian Palóc who, for historical reasons, could have retained genetic traces of Magyars more than other groups. In addition, we examined a mixed sample from Budapest. About 100 individuals were tested for the markers defining all the European and Asian mtDNA haplogroups and about 50 individuals for some Y chromosome markers, namely the 12f2 and 49a,f/TaqI RFLPs, the YAP insertion, the microsatellites YCAIIa, YCAIIb, DYS19 and the Asian 50f2/C deletion. In the mtDNA analysis only two subjects belonged to the Asian B and M haplogroups. The Y chromosome analyses showed that the Palóc differed from the Budapest sample by the absence of YAP+ allele and by the DYS19 allele distribution; that the proto-European 49a,f Ht 15 and the neolithic 12f2-8Kb were rather uncommon in both groups; that there is a high prevalence of the 49a,f Ht 11 and the YCAII a5-b1; and that the Asian 50f2/C deletion is absent. These results suggest that the influence of Magyars on the Hungarian gene pool has been very low through both females and males and the Hungarian language could be an example of cultural dominance. Alternative explanations are discussed. An expansion centred on YAP-, 49a,f Ht 11 is revealed by the median network based on compound haplotypes. 49a,f Ht 11 could represent either a paleolithic marker of eastern Europe which underwent expansion after the last glacial period, or a marker of the more recent spread of the Yamnaia culture from southern Ukraine.
马扎尔人将他们的语言强加给匈牙利人，但似乎并未影响其基因结构。为了更好地研究这一点，我们分析了匈牙利帕洛茨人群样本中的一些线粒体DNA（mtDNA）和Y染色体多态性，出于历史原因，该群体可能比其他群体保留了更多马扎尔人的基因痕迹。此外，我们检测了一份来自布达佩斯的混合样本。对约100名个体进行了检测，以确定所有欧洲和亚洲mtDNA单倍群的标记，对约50名个体检测了一些Y染色体标记，即12f2和49a,f/TaqI限制性片段长度多态性（RFLPs）、YAP插入、微卫星YCAIIa、YCAIIb、DYS19以及亚洲50f2/C缺失。在mtDNA分析中，只有两名受试者属于亚洲B和M单倍群。Y染色体分析表明，帕洛茨人群与布达佩斯样本的差异在于缺乏YAP+等位基因以及DYS19等位基因分布；原始欧洲的49a,f单倍型15和新石器时代的12f2 - 8Kb在两组中都相当罕见；49a,f单倍型11和YCAII a5 - b1的出现频率很高；并且不存在亚洲50f2/C缺失。这些结果表明，马扎尔人通过男性和女性对匈牙利基因库的影响非常小，匈牙利语可能是文化主导的一个例子。文中还讨论了其他解释。基于复合单倍型的中位数网络揭示了以YAP - 、49a,f单倍型11为中心的扩张。49a,f单倍型11可能代表末次冰期后在东欧扩张的旧石器时代标记，或者是来自乌克兰南部的颜那亚文化近期传播的标记。
