Nagler-Anderson C
Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Mass. General Hospital East, Charlestown 02129, USA.
Crit Rev Immunol. 2000;20(2):103-20.
The intestinal immune system must guard the body against invasion by pathogens while avoiding a response to the many potential antigens present in food. In the absence of the inflammatory stimuli necessary to elicit an immune response, oral administration of soluble protein antigens induces antigen-specific systemic nonresponsiveness. Recent studies have shown that peripheral nonresponsiveness to orally administered antigen is preceded by transient T-cell activation and is due primarily to the induction of functional T-cell anergy. The microenvironment of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue plays a central role in orally induced nonresponsiveness by supporting the growth of regulatory T cells that maintain intestinal homeostasis in the face of constant antigenic challenge. The transfer of nonresponsiveness by peripheral T cells from antigen-fed mice suggests that these-gut-derived regulatory cells also function in peripheral sites. When oral antigens are presented with adjuvants (microbial products that activate the innate immune system) an adaptive immune response is induced to this normally tolerogenic form of antigen. This review examines recent work that has provided new insight into the regulation of tolerance and immunity in the intestinal immune system.
肠道免疫系统必须保护身体免受病原体入侵，同时避免对食物中存在的许多潜在抗原产生反应。在缺乏引发免疫反应所需的炎症刺激的情况下，口服可溶性蛋白质抗原会诱导抗原特异性全身无反应性。最近的研究表明，口服抗原的外周无反应性之前会有短暂的T细胞活化，并且主要是由于功能性T细胞无反应性的诱导。肠道相关淋巴组织的微环境通过支持调节性T细胞的生长在口服诱导的无反应性中起核心作用，这些调节性T细胞在面对持续的抗原挑战时维持肠道稳态。来自抗原喂养小鼠的外周T细胞传递无反应性表明，这些源自肠道的调节细胞也在外周部位发挥作用。当口服抗原与佐剂（激活先天免疫系统的微生物产物）一起呈现时，会对这种通常具有耐受性的抗原形式诱导适应性免疫反应。这篇综述探讨了最近的研究工作，这些工作为肠道免疫系统中耐受性和免疫的调节提供了新的见解。
