Isahak I
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000 Mar;31(1):173-84.
Adult immunization is a neglected and underpublicised issue in Southeast Asia. Vaccine-preventable diseases cause unnecessary morbidity and mortality among adults in the region, while inadequate immunization results in unnecessary costs, including those associated with hospitalization, treatment, and loss of income. Childhood vaccination coverage is high for the EPI diseases of diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis; however, unvaccinated, undervaccinated, and aging adults with waning immunity remain at risk from infection and may benefit from vaccination. Catch-up immunization is advisable for adults seronegative for hepatitis B virus, while immunization against the hepatitis A and varicella viruses may benefit those who remain susceptible. Among older adults, immunization against influenza and pneumococcal infections is likely to be beneficial in reducing morbidity and mortality. Certain vaccinations are also recommended for specific groups, such as rubella for women of child-bearing age, typhoid for those travelling to high-endemicity areas, and several vaccines for high-risk occupational groups such as health care workers. This paper presents an overview of a number of vaccine-preventable diseases which occur in adults, and highlights the importance of immunization to protect those at risk of infection.
成人免疫接种在东南亚是一个被忽视且宣传不足的问题。疫苗可预防疾病在该地区的成年人中导致了不必要的发病和死亡，而免疫接种不足则造成了不必要的成本，包括与住院、治疗和收入损失相关的成本。白喉、破伤风和百日咳等扩大免疫规划（EPI）疾病的儿童疫苗接种覆盖率很高；然而，未接种疫苗、接种不足以及免疫力逐渐减弱的老年人仍有感染风险，接种疫苗可能会使他们受益。对于乙肝病毒血清学阴性的成年人，建议进行补种免疫，而对甲型肝炎病毒和水痘病毒易感者接种疫苗可能有益。在老年人中，接种流感疫苗和肺炎球菌疫苗可能有助于降低发病率和死亡率。某些疫苗也推荐给特定人群，如育龄妇女接种风疹疫苗、前往高流行地区的人接种伤寒疫苗，以及医护人员等高风险职业群体接种多种疫苗。本文概述了一些发生在成年人中的疫苗可预防疾病，并强调了免疫接种对保护有感染风险人群的重要性。
