Castellucci M, Kosanke G, Verdenelli F, Huppertz B, Kaufmann P
Institute of Normal Human Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Ancona, Italy.
Hum Reprod Update. 2000 Sep-Oct;6(5):485-94. doi: 10.1093/humupd/6.5.485.
There is increasing evidence that maldevelopment of the placental villous tree can play an important role in the pathogenesis of various pregnancy diseases. In this review we present the most recent advances of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the early formation of chorionic villi. In particular we focus our attention on the structural events during early villous sprouting leading to the formation of the mesenchymal villi which are the forerunners of all other villous types, i.e. immature intermediate villi, stem villi, mature intermediate villi and terminal villi. Early villous sprouting starts as 'hot spots' which are circumscribed areas consisting of highly proliferating cytotrophoblastic and stromal cells. The post-proliferative cytotrophoblastic cells fuse with the overlying syncytium leading to the formation of the trophoblastic sprouts. When villous mesenchyme invades the trophoblastic sprouts, the latter are transformed into villous sprouts. The vascularization of the villous sprouts leads to the formation of the mesenchymal villi, the most basic villous type. This process is repeated throughout pregnancy. We analyse the influence of various extracellular matrix molecules, e.g. tenascin and hyaluronic acid, on the formation of hot spots and mesenchymal villi as well as the transformation of the latter in other villous types. We present a critical survey on the data on vessel formation related to villous sprouting and morphogenesis of mesenchymal villi as well as the expression of various angiogenic factors and their receptors.
越来越多的证据表明，胎盘绒毛树发育异常在多种妊娠疾病的发病机制中可能起重要作用。在本综述中，我们介绍了绒毛膜绒毛早期形成所涉及的细胞和分子机制的最新进展。特别地，我们将注意力集中在早期绒毛芽生过程中的结构事件上，这些事件导致间充质绒毛的形成，间充质绒毛是所有其他绒毛类型（即未成熟中间绒毛、干绒毛、成熟中间绒毛和终末绒毛）的前身。早期绒毛芽生起始于“热点”，即由高度增殖的细胞滋养层细胞和基质细胞组成的限定区域。增殖后的细胞滋养层细胞与覆盖其上的合体滋养层融合，导致滋养层芽的形成。当绒毛间充质侵入滋养层芽时，后者转变为绒毛芽。绒毛芽的血管化导致最基本的绒毛类型——间充质绒毛的形成。整个孕期都会重复这一过程。我们分析了各种细胞外基质分子，如腱生蛋白和透明质酸，对热点和间充质绒毛形成以及后者向其他绒毛类型转变的影响。我们对与绒毛芽生和间充质绒毛形态发生相关的血管形成数据以及各种血管生成因子及其受体的表达进行了批判性综述。
