Spinka M, Illmann G, Andersson M, Schuurman T, Jensen P
Group of Ethology, Research Institute of Animal Production, CZ-104 01 Prague-, Uhríneves, Czech Republic
Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2000 Dec 1;70(2):99-114. doi: 10.1016/s0168-1591(00)00151-9.
We examined the maternal behaviour of seven domestic and seven wildxdomestic primiparous sows during 10 days post partum to investigate two questions: (1) Did maternal behaviour change during domestication? (2) Can the interindividual variability of maternal behaviour be subsumed into a few dimensions of maternal temperament? We recorded: (a) willingness to leave the nest for food on Day 2; (b) reaction to a playback of squeezed piglet distress vocalisation on Day 2; (c) spontaneous nursing behaviour and spontaneous lying-down behaviour on Day 5 (from an overnight video recording); (d) reactions to playbacks of various piglet distress vocalisations on Day 6 and (e) reactions to a human in the 'nest' with piglets on Day 9. Moreover, data on baseline cortisol saliva concentration and its increase during a brief transportation period and novel environment challenge at the age of 5 months were available. Crossbred sows did not differ from domestic ones in any aspect of maternal behaviour except for a higher tendency to terminate final massage during nursings and a higher frequency of changing posture from lying to standing and back during the night. Factor analysis (based on correlation matrix of 11 behaviour and cortisol variables calculated for all 14 sows after removing the effect of breed) indicated that 82% of the variability in the data could be explained by three factors: first, 'calmness' on which low night time frequency of major posture changes, carefulness of lying-down behaviour and high propensity to remain in nursing position after milk ejection loaded positively while cortisol concentrations during challenge loaded negatively; second, 'protectiveness' with high loadings of the reaction scores to the playbacks of piglet distress calls and the human presence near the piglets; and third, 'nursing activity' which was strongly positively associated with nursing frequency, and negatively with the proportion of nutritive nursings and baseline cortisol values. The results indicate that most aspects of pig maternal behaviour have not been significantly changed by domestication and that substantial variability in maternal behaviour exists between sows, perhaps in the form of several behaviour characteristics which encompass both behaviour and endocrine profiles of the sows.
我们研究了7头家养初产母猪和7头野生与家养杂交初产母猪产后10天内的母性行为，以探讨两个问题：（1）驯化过程中母性行为是否发生了变化？（2）母性行为的个体间差异能否归纳为母性气质的几个维度？我们记录了：（a）产后第2天离开巢穴觅食的意愿；（b）产后第2天对播放的仔猪挤压 distress 叫声的反应；（c）产后第5天的自发哺乳行为和自发躺卧行为（来自夜间视频记录）；（d）产后第6天对各种仔猪 distress 叫声播放的反应；以及（e）产后第9天对在有仔猪的“巢穴”中出现人类的反应。此外，还获得了5月龄时基线皮质醇唾液浓度及其在短暂运输期和新环境挑战期间增加的数据。杂交母猪在母性行为的任何方面与家养母猪均无差异，只是在哺乳期间终止最后按摩的倾向较高，以及夜间从躺卧姿势变为站立姿势再变回躺卧姿势的频率较高。因子分析（基于去除品种影响后为所有14头母猪计算的11种行为和皮质醇变量的相关矩阵）表明，数据中82%的变异性可由三个因素解释：第一，“平静度”，夜间主要姿势变化频率低、躺卧行为的小心程度以及乳汁排出后保持哺乳姿势的高倾向在此因素上呈正负荷，而挑战期间的皮质醇浓度呈负负荷；第二，“保护欲”，对仔猪 distress 叫声播放的反应得分以及仔猪附近有人类出现时的反应得分在此因素上负荷较高；第三，“哺乳活动”，与哺乳频率呈强烈正相关，与营养性哺乳比例和基线皮质醇值呈负相关。结果表明，家猪母性行为的大多数方面在驯化过程中并未发生显著变化，并且母猪之间母性行为存在很大差异，可能以几种行为特征的形式存在，这些特征涵盖了母猪的行为和内分泌特征。
