Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has ranked second in cancer mortality in China since the 1990s and is increasing in frequency among males in many countries. Hepatitis B and C viruses, aflatoxin and algal toxin in the contaminated drinking water remain major aetiological factors and hepatitis G virus and transfusion-transmitted virus can not be excluded. A prospective randomized control trial screening for HCC in a high-risk population using alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and ultrasonography has demonstrated a decrease in HCC mortality. Rapidly progressing medical imaging has continuously contributed to the improving treatment results. Surgical resection still plays a major role in influencing prognosis of HCC. Studies on recurrence and metastasis after curative resection have become a key issue for further improvement of the surgical outcome. Regional cancer therapies are progressing rapidly, based on the advances in early diagnosis. The advantages and disadvantages of these are noted. Multimodality combination and sequential treatment has been accepted as an important approach for unresectable HCC and cytoreduction and sequential resection have attracted attention. Conformal radiotherapy has shown important potential for HCC treatment. Intra-arterial chemotherapy has been repeatedly proved effective; however, systemic chemotherapy for HCC remains disappointing. The effects of tamoxifen are questionable, whereas alpha-interferon has been shown to have significant potential, particularly in prevention of recurrence. All of these treatments have resulted in continuing improvement of HCC prognosis in some centres.