McCormick R L, Graboski M S, Alleman T L, Yanowitz J
Colorado Institute for Fuels and Engine Research, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, USA.
J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 2000 Nov;50(11):1992-8. doi: 10.1080/10473289.2000.10464229.
Idle emissions of total hydrocarbon (THC), CO, NOx, and particulate matter (PM) were measured from 24 heavy-duty diesel-fueled (12 trucks and 12 buses) and 4 heavy-duty compressed natural gas (CNG)-fueled vehicles. The volatile organic fraction (VOF) of PM and aldehyde emissions were also measured for many of the diesel vehicles. Experiments were conducted at 1609 m above sea level using a full exhaust flow dilution tunnel method identical to that used for heavy-duty engine Federal Test Procedure (FTP) testing. Diesel trucks averaged 0.170 g/min THC, 1.183 g/min CO, 1.416 g/min NOx, and 0.030 g/min PM. Diesel buses averaged 0.137 g/min THC, 1.326 g/min CO, 2.015 g/min NOx, and 0.048 g/min PM. Results are compared to idle emission factors from the MOBILE5 and PART5 inventory models. The models significantly (45-75%) overestimate emissions of THC and CO in comparison with results measured from the fleet of vehicles examined in this study. Measured NOx emissions were significantly higher (30-100%) than model predictions. For the pre-1999 (pre-consent decree) truck engines examined in this study, idle NOx emissions increased with model year with a linear fit (r2 = 0.6). PART5 nationwide fleet average emissions are within 1 order of magnitude of emissions for the group of vehicles tested in this study. Aldehyde emissions for bus idling averaged 6 mg/min. The VOF averaged 19% of total PM for buses and 49% for trucks. CNG vehicle idle emissions averaged 1.435 g/min for THC, 1.119 g/min for CO, 0.267 g/min for NOx, and 0.003 g/min for PM. The g/min PM emissions are only a small fraction of g/min PM emissions during vehicle driving. However, idle emissions of NOx, CO, and THC are significant in comparison with driving emissions.
对24辆重型柴油车（12辆卡车和12辆公交车）和4辆重型压缩天然气（CNG）燃料车辆的总碳氢化合物（THC）、一氧化碳（CO）、氮氧化物（NOx）和颗粒物（PM）的怠速排放进行了测量。还对许多柴油车辆测量了PM的挥发性有机成分（VOF）和醛排放。实验在海拔1609米处进行，采用与重型发动机联邦测试程序（FTP）测试相同的全排气流量稀释隧道法。柴油卡车的THC平均为0.170克/分钟、CO为1.183克/分钟、NOx为1.416克/分钟、PM为0.030克/分钟。柴油公交车的THC平均为0.137克/分钟、CO为1.326克/分钟、NOx为2.015克/分钟、PM为0.048克/分钟。将结果与MOBILE5和PART5排放清单模型的怠速排放因子进行比较。与本研究中检测的车辆车队测量结果相比，这些模型显著高估了THC和CO的排放（45%-75%）。测量的NOx排放显著高于模型预测值（30%-100%）。对于本研究中检测的1999年以前（同意令之前）的卡车发动机，怠速NOx排放随车型年份增加呈线性拟合（r2 = 0.6）。PART5全国车队平均排放与本研究中测试的车辆组排放相差不超过1个数量级。公交车怠速时醛排放平均为6毫克/分钟。公交车的VOF平均占总PM的19%，卡车为49%。CNG车辆的怠速排放THC平均为1.435克/分钟、CO为1.119克/分钟、NOx为0.267克/分钟、PM为0.003克/分钟。以克/分钟计的PM排放在车辆行驶过程中的PM排放中仅占一小部分。然而，与行驶排放相比，NOx、CO和THC的怠速排放相当可观。
