Hatjian B A, Mutch E, Williams F M, Blain P G, Edwards J W
Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle, UK.
Mutat Res. 2000 Dec 20;472(1-2):85-92. doi: 10.1016/s1383-5718(00)00131-5.
Occupational exposure to organophosphorus insecticides (OPs), such as diazinon, may be monitored by the measurement of the activity of peripheral cholinesterase enzymes, including erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (EAChE) and plasma or serum cholinesterase (plasma or serum ChE). Exposures have also been measured by the analysis of dialkyl phosphate metabolites of OPs in urine. The potential health risks associated with exposure, especially those of a neurological nature, may then be estimated, and appropriate measures to reduce or eliminate exposures can be implemented. There is evidence that some OP pesticides may have in vivo genotoxic effects, suggesting a possible link with cancer with long term or repeated heavy exposures. This paper describes work performed in 17 subjects with a single or two exposures to a sheep dip containing diazinon. Urine samples revealed OP metabolites dimethylphosphate (DMP), dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), diethylphosphate (DEP) and diethylthiophosphate (DETP) in 37% of subjects at low levels which were not elevated after exposure. EAChE and plasma ChE were also unchanged before and after exposure, and were similar to those measured in unexposed control groups. Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), a marker of chromosome damage, was significantly elevated in peripheral blood lymphocytes after exposure compared with before. SCE were unchanged in a group of non-occupationally exposed workers. In vitro studies with both authentic diazinon (98%) and diazinon in a sheep dip formulation (45%) showed increased SCE and decreased replicative indices, suggesting toxic and genotoxic effects of diazinon.
职业性接触有机磷杀虫剂（OPs），如二嗪农，可通过测量外周胆碱酯酶的活性来监测，包括红细胞乙酰胆碱酯酶（EAChE）和血浆或血清胆碱酯酶（血浆或血清ChE）。也可通过分析尿液中OPs的二烷基磷酸酯代谢物来测量接触情况。然后可以估计与接触相关的潜在健康风险，尤其是那些具有神经性质的风险，并可以采取适当措施减少或消除接触。有证据表明，一些OP农药可能具有体内遗传毒性作用，这表明长期或反复大量接触可能与癌症存在联系。本文描述了对17名单次或两次接触含二嗪农的羊浸液的受试者所做的研究。尿液样本显示，37%的受试者尿液中存在低水平的OP代谢物二甲基磷酸酯（DMP）、二甲基硫代磷酸酯（DMTP）、二乙基磷酸酯（DEP）和二乙基硫代磷酸酯（DETP），接触后这些代谢物并未升高。EAChE和血浆ChE在接触前后也没有变化，且与未接触对照组测得的结果相似。与接触前相比，接触后外周血淋巴细胞中作为染色体损伤标志物的姐妹染色单体交换（SCE）显著升高。一组非职业接触工人的SCE没有变化。对纯二嗪农（98%）和羊浸液配方中的二嗪农（45%）进行的体外研究均显示SCE增加，复制指数降低，这表明二嗪农具有毒性和遗传毒性作用。
