Yoganandan N, Kumaresan S, Pintar F A
Biomedical Engineering, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2001 Jan;16(1):1-27. doi: 10.1016/s0268-0033(00)00074-7.
The responses and contributions of the soft tissue structures of the human neck are described with a focus on mathematical modeling. Spinal ligaments, intervertebral discs, zygapophysial joints, and uncovertebral joints of the cervical spine are included. Finite element modeling approaches have been emphasized. Representative data relevant to the development and execution of the model are discussed. A brief description is given on the functional mechanical role of the soft tissue components. Geometrical characteristics such as length and cross-sectional areas, and material properties such as force-displacement and stress-strain responses, are described for all components. Modeling approaches are discussed for each soft tissue structure. The final discussion emphasizes the normal and abnormal (e.g., degenerative joint disease, iatrogenic alteration, trauma) behaviors of the cervical spine with a focus on all these soft tissue responses. A brief description is provided on the modeling of the developmental biomechanics of the pediatric spine with a focus on soft tissues. Relevance. Experimentally validated models based on accurate geometry, material property, boundary, and loading conditions are useful to delineate the clinical biomechanics of the spine. Both external and internal responses of the various spinal components, a data set not obtainable directly from experiments, can be determined using computational models. Since soft tissues control the complex structural response, an accurate simulation of their anatomic, functional, and biomechanical characteristics is necessary to understand the behavior of the cervical spine under normal and abnormal conditions such as facetectomy, discectomy, laminectomy, and fusion.
本文描述了人类颈部软组织结构的反应和贡献，重点是数学建模。包括颈椎的脊柱韧带、椎间盘、关节突关节和钩椎关节。强调了有限元建模方法。讨论了与模型开发和执行相关的代表性数据。简要描述了软组织成分的功能力学作用。描述了所有组件的几何特征，如长度和横截面积，以及材料特性，如力-位移和应力-应变响应。讨论了每种软组织结构的建模方法。最后的讨论强调了颈椎的正常和异常（如退行性关节病、医源性改变、创伤）行为，重点是所有这些软组织反应。简要介绍了小儿脊柱发育生物力学的建模，重点是软组织。相关性。基于精确几何、材料特性、边界和加载条件的经过实验验证的模型，有助于描绘脊柱的临床生物力学。使用计算模型可以确定各种脊柱组件的外部和内部反应，这是一组无法直接从实验中获得的数据。由于软组织控制着复杂的结构反应，因此准确模拟其解剖、功能和生物力学特征对于理解颈椎在诸如小关节切除术、椎间盘切除术、椎板切除术和融合术等正常和异常情况下的行为是必要的。
