Nace E P, Meyers A L, Rothberg J M, Maleson F
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1975 Jan;32(1):77-80. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760190079009.
Adetailed analysis of drug usage patterns of 101 multidrug-using soldiers disclosed little differentiation between individuals with a history of heroin addiction (N=68) from demographically similar multidrug-using (but nonaddicted) peers (N=33). Prior to the onset of herion addiction, relatively few differences in drug usage patterns emerged between the two groups, and what differences there were indicated more extensive drug use and a more rapid progression of drug use among the nonaddicted users. A "stepping-stone hypothesis" of heroin addiction is refuted by these data. Differences in drug use emerge after the intiation of heroin. Within a few months after first heroin use, those who did not become addicted returned to their preheroin experimentation levels of drug taking while the addicted group maintained an escalating pattern of opiate use.
对101名使用多种药物的士兵的用药模式进行的详细分析表明，有海洛因成瘾史的个体（N = 68）与人口统计学上相似的使用多种药物（但未成瘾）的同龄人（N = 33）之间几乎没有差异。在海洛因成瘾开始之前，两组之间在用药模式上出现的差异相对较少，而且存在的差异表明未成瘾使用者的药物使用范围更广，用药进展更快。这些数据驳斥了海洛因成瘾的“垫脚石假说”。药物使用差异在开始使用海洛因后出现。在首次使用海洛因后的几个月内，未成瘾者恢复到使用海洛因之前的用药水平，而成瘾组的阿片类药物使用模式持续升级。
