Superoxide radical-initiated apoptotic signalling pathway in selenite-treated HepG(2) cells: mitochondria serve as the main target.

The exact role of superoxide radicals (O(2)()(-)) in apoptosis is still a matter of debate. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the apoptotic signalling pathway initiated by O(2)()(-). The reductive reaction of sodium selenite with glutathione was used as the intracellular O(2)()(-)-generating system. When cells were exposed to 5 to 25 microM selenite, a temporal pattern of apoptotic events was observed following the elevation of O(2)()(-), in which cytochrome c release and mitochondrial depolarization preceded caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation. The simultaneous treatment with N-acetylcysteine and 4-hydroxy-2,2,6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl markedly reduced O(2)()(-) level and suppressed the mitochondrial changes and the downstream apoptotic events. Moreover, pretreatment with cyclosporin A plus trifluoperazine, two mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) inhibitors, was capable of attenuating O(2)()(-)-mediated cytochrome c release and mitochondrial depolarization, and subsequently inhibiting apoptosis. Thus, the present results provide convincing evidence that O(2)()(-) generated from the reductive reaction of selenite with GSH is capable of triggering a mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway. Such knowledge may not only help to obtain a better understanding of the apoptotic effect of selenite per se, but of the role of O(2)()(-) in initiation and execution of apoptosis.