Reengineering clinical psychiatry in academic medical centers: processes and models of change.

Managed care poses a major threat to the future of clinical psychiatry in academic settings. High costs and an aversion to the business aspects of service delivery have left academic departments at a disadvantage in the marketplace. However, numerous departments have attempted to adapt to the current health care environment. On the basis of a review of these efforts, the authors identify the processes of change and seven models of change being employed to reengineer psychiatry within academic medical centers. The models are labeled transform, build, manage, buy, partner or affiliate, sell or lease, and consult. The authors discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these efforts and suggest three approaches to establishing the unique value of academic clinical services for purchasers and for the public. The first is to enhance productivity and clinical effectiveness through greater integration of clinical care, research, and training. The second is to take a leadership role in managing care, and the third is to advance the integration of behavioral health care with primary medical care and other specialties in the medical center.