DNA vaccination of macaques with several different Nef sequences induces multispecific T cell responses.

CD8(+) T lymphocytes play a key role in controlling viremia during primary human immunodeficiency virus-1 and in maintaining disease-free infection. It has recently been shown that DNA immunization of rhesus monkeys can elicit strong, long-lived antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. In previous work, it was shown that macaque CTL responses to lipopeptide vaccination were directed against a limited number of epitopes. In the present study, we used the DNA immunization approach to enlarge T cell responses to several epitopes and to multiple isolates. We immunized macaques with a mixture of six plasmids reflecting the variability of Nef epitopic regions in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) mac251 primary isolate. The Nef genes from viruses included in the SIVmac251 primary isolate were sequenced and the six selected sequences were individually subcloned into the pCI vector, under cytomegalovirus enhancer/promoter control, and injected into macaques. We show that DNA immunization with Nef sequences induced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secreting cell responses directed against several regions of Nef. Reacting T cell lines were expanded in vitro and multispecific CTL responses mapping the 96-138 Nef region were analyzed. Several peptides recognized by CTL were identified and studies using peptides reflecting the variability of Nef indicated that all of the Nef variants were recognized in the 96-138 region. Moreover, CTL responses were directed against an immunodominant epitope located in a functional region within the Nef protein that is essential for viral replication. This work shows that our approach of DNA immunization with several sequences induced multispecific T cell responses recognizing variants included in the SIVmac251 primary isolate.