Panin N L, Prusov P M
AVTOVAZ, Inc, Department of Engineering Progressing, Togliatti, Russia.
Aviat Space Environ Med. 2001 Feb;72(2):155.
During impact or sudden acceleration, the cervical and thoracic region of the spine of operators of Habitable Mobile Vehicles (HMV) may be exposed to extensive trauma since "whiplash"-type motion typically leads to impairment of a cervical joint. Furthermore, the frequent necessity of supporting added mass above the shoulders (e.g., crash helmet, displays, oxygen mask) can magnify the moment of inertia of the head. This additional mass affects the biomechanics of a Helmet-Head-Neck System and determination of the tolerable magnitudes of acceleration which it can undergo. Even if the body of the operator is restrained by seat belts, such acceleration can arise in all three vectors (Gx, Gy, and Gz). The population at risk for injury due to such forces are individuals exposed to forces generated in racing cars, involved in automobile impacts or emergency landing of aircraft, in normal landing on carriers or in piloting of 5th generation fighter planes, and in other aspects of operator activity in HMV. Various methods of fixation of the head to prevent cervical injury are described in the literature: cervical collars, inflated thoracic defensive members, airbags, cervical supports, etc. However, all of these have some deficiencies related either to one-time availability or the restricted range of head motion which they produce. Widely used automatic retaining systems composed of belts with forced pull and airbags, while successful in other regards, do not adequately protect the head and neck of the operators who are chronically exposed to iterated percussion, and other acceleration forces under diverse extreme conditions.
在撞击或突然加速过程中，可居住移动车辆（HMV）操作人员脊柱的颈部和胸部区域可能会受到广泛创伤，因为“鞭打”式运动通常会导致颈椎关节受损。此外，频繁需要支撑肩部上方增加的重量（如安全帽、显示器、氧气面罩）会增大头部的惯性矩。这种额外的重量会影响头盔 - 头部 - 颈部系统的生物力学以及确定其所能承受的加速度的容许幅度。即使操作人员的身体通过安全带进行了约束，这种加速度仍可能在所有三个矢量方向（Gx、Gy 和 Gz）上出现。因这类力而有受伤风险的人群包括赛车中受到力作用的人员、遭遇汽车碰撞或飞机紧急降落的人员、在航母上正常降落或驾驶第五代战斗机的人员，以及在可居住移动车辆操作人员活动的其他方面涉及的人员。文献中描述了各种固定头部以预防颈部损伤的方法：颈托、充气式胸部防护部件、安全气囊、颈部支撑装置等。然而，所有这些方法都存在一些缺陷，要么是一次性使用的局限性，要么是它们所产生的头部运动范围受限。广泛使用的由带强制拉伸装置的安全带和安全气囊组成的自动固定系统，虽然在其他方面取得了成功，但对于长期暴露于反复撞击以及在各种极端条件下的其他加速力作用下的操作人员的头部和颈部保护不足。
