Ozilgen M, Ozdemir M
Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Institute, Gebze.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2001 Jan;41(2):95-132. doi: 10.1080/20014091091779.
Turkey produces about 80% of the total hazelnut crop of the world. About 75% of the production are exported. In Turkey hazelnuts are traditionally sun dried, and may be subject to mold growth and subsequent mycotoxin formation due to prolonged drying time under humid and rainy weather conditions. Drying hazelnuts in a reasonable time after harvest is necessary for mycotoxin-free, high-quality products. In general, nuts and cereals contaminated by the toxins pose a potential hazard not only to the people of the producer countries, but also to people of the importing countries, if they should be regarded as safe by inefficient sampling plans, therefore preventing toxin formation actually benefits very large populations. Deterioration and health hazards associated with toxin contaminated hazelnuts and other nuts and cereals have similar causes and consequences; therefore, deterioration of the nuts and cereals in storage has been reviewed by considering as many grains and nuts as possible, then special reference was made to hazelnuts. Proper preharvest practices followed by proper drying and safe storage reduces the hazards associated with contamination by the toxins. This article reviews the pre- and post-harvest practices, and the grain- and nut-drying systems required for toxin-free products. Because drying is the major unit operation involving this process, the drying systems and the mathematical models required for their design is also discussed.
土耳其的榛子产量约占世界总产量的80%。其产量的约75%用于出口。在土耳其，榛子传统上是通过日晒干燥的，在潮湿多雨的天气条件下，由于干燥时间延长，可能会出现霉菌生长并随后形成霉菌毒素。为了获得无霉菌毒素的高质量产品，在收获后合理时间内干燥榛子是必要的。一般来说，被毒素污染的坚果和谷物不仅对生产国的人民构成潜在危害，而且如果低效的抽样计划将其视为安全的话，对进口国的人民也构成潜在危害，因此防止毒素形成实际上使大量人口受益。与毒素污染的榛子及其他坚果和谷物相关的变质和健康危害有相似的原因和后果；因此，通过尽可能多地考虑谷物和坚果来审视储存中坚果和谷物的变质情况，然后特别提及了榛子。收获前的适当做法，随后进行适当的干燥和安全储存，可减少与毒素污染相关的危害。本文回顾了收获前和收获后的做法，以及生产无毒素产品所需的谷物和坚果干燥系统。由于干燥是涉及此过程的主要单元操作，还讨论了干燥系统及其设计所需的数学模型。
