Burghardt G M, Layne D G, Konigsberg L
Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
Psychol Sci. 2000 Jan;11(1):69-72. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00217.
The sources of individual differences in human and non-human animals remain controversial. We demonstrate that diet and genetics interact in determining the ontogenetic trajectory of chemosensory and prey preferences in the common garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, a dietary generalist. In litters of neonate snakes from a single small field in an earthworm-ingesting population, initial responses to chemical cues from fish and worm were similar, with zero heritabilities. After 12 meals on fish, however, the heritability of both fish and worm chemosensory responses increased markedly, the change in response to fish but not worm chemicals was heritable, the relative preference for fish versus worm was heritable, and the change in relative preference was heritable. In addition, growth rates on each diet were related to changes in chemoreceptive responses. Such genetic-environment variation that emerges only after equivalent ontogenetic experience may be a factor in responses to environmental change in many species.
人类和非人类动物个体差异的来源仍然存在争议。我们证明，饮食和基因在决定普通束带蛇（学名：Thamnophis sirtalis，一种食性广泛的动物）化学感应和猎物偏好的个体发育轨迹方面相互作用。在来自一个以蚯蚓为食的单一小区域的新生蛇幼崽窝中，对来自鱼类和蚯蚓的化学线索的初始反应相似，遗传力为零。然而，在以鱼类为食12次后，对鱼类和蚯蚓的化学感应反应的遗传力均显著增加，对鱼类而非蚯蚓化学物质反应的变化是可遗传的，对鱼类与蚯蚓的相对偏好是可遗传的，相对偏好的变化也是可遗传的。此外，每种饮食的生长速度与化学感受反应的变化有关。这种仅在同等个体发育经历后才出现的基因 - 环境变异可能是许多物种对环境变化反应的一个因素。
