Krämer E M, Schardt A, Nave K A
Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37035 Göttingen, Germany.
Microsc Res Tech. 2001 Mar 15;52(6):656-71. doi: 10.1002/jemt.1050.
In the central nervous system (CNS), the myelin sheath is synthesised by oligodendrocytes as a specialised subdomain of an extended plasma membrane, reminiscent of the segregated membrane domains of polarised cells. Myelination takes place within a relatively short period of time and oligodendrocytes must have adapted membrane sorting and transport mechanisms to achieve such a high rate of myelin synthesis and to maintain the unique organisation of the myelin membrane. In adult life, maintenance of the functional myelin sheath requires a carefully orchestrated balance of myelin synthesis and turnover. Imbalance in these processes may cause dys- or demyelination and disease. This review summarises what is currently known about myelin protein trafficking and mistrafficking in oligodendrocytes. We also present data demonstrating distinct transport pathways for myelin structural proteins and the expression of SNARE proteins in differentiating oligodendrocytes. Myelinating glial cells may well serve as a model system for studying general aspects of membrane trafficking and organisation of membrane domains.
在中枢神经系统（CNS）中，髓鞘由少突胶质细胞合成，作为延伸质膜的一个特殊亚结构域，这让人联想到极化细胞的分隔膜结构域。髓鞘形成在相对较短的时间内发生，少突胶质细胞必须具备适应性的膜分选和运输机制，以实现如此高的髓鞘合成速率，并维持髓鞘膜的独特组织结构。在成年期，功能性髓鞘的维持需要髓鞘合成与更新之间精心协调的平衡。这些过程的失衡可能导致脱髓鞘或髓鞘发育异常及疾病。本综述总结了目前关于少突胶质细胞中髓鞘蛋白运输和错误运输的已知情况。我们还展示了数据，证明了髓鞘结构蛋白的不同运输途径以及SNARE蛋白在分化少突胶质细胞中的表达。形成髓鞘的神经胶质细胞很可能作为一个模型系统，用于研究膜运输和膜结构域组织的一般方面。
