A positionable microcell for electrochemistry and scanning electrochemical microscopy in subnanoliter volumes.

Positionable voltammetric cells with tip diameters of < 50 microm were constructed from theta glass capillaries. One channel of the pulled glass capillary contains a carbon fiber microelectrode sealed in epoxy while the other houses a Ag/AgCl reference electrode that makes electrical contact to the analyte solution via a salt bridge at the tip. The device can be operated as a two-electrode cell and can therefore make measurements in droplets of solution that are similar in size to the tip. Alternatively, if the droplet of solution is larger than the tip, spatially resolved measurements of a substrate in solution can be made. Voltammetric experiments and feedback imaging with the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) were accomplished in microdroplets with solution volumes of less than 1 nL. pH images of a substrate immersed in 70-microL-thick films of solution were obtained in the generator-collector mode of SECM using an iridium oxide-modified microcell. This type of microcell is particularly useful for making electrochemical measurements in very small droplets of solution where a mobile working electrode could easily collide with a separately positioned reference electrode.