Kahn L, Wirth P
Pediatrics. 1975 May;55(5):700-8.
Time and motion studies were performed before and after PNPs began working in the offices of three pediatricians and the emergency room of a municipal general hospital. Pediatricians' activities changed in different ways, but all benefited by the generation of available time. The three pediatricians in office settings gained the equivalents of 21.6%, 21.7%, and 36% of the working day by the addition of the PNP. Physicians working in the emergency room gained 14.7% during that time of day the PNP was present. PNP visits with patients were longer than those of the pediatricians, the average length of time being related directly to that of the associate physician. Patients interviewed perceived no difference in personal characteristics between pediatricians and PNPs in three of the four settings. In the fourth setting, both were at high levels, but the pediatrician ranked higher than the PNP.
在儿科护士从业者（PNP）开始在三位儿科医生的办公室以及一家市立综合医院的急诊室工作前后，进行了时间与动作研究。儿科医生的活动发生了不同方式的变化，但都因有了可利用时间而受益。在门诊环境中的三位儿科医生，由于增加了PNP，分别获得了相当于工作日21.6%、21.7%和36%的可利用时间。在急诊室工作的医生，在PNP在场的那段时间里获得了14.7%的可利用时间。PNP与患者的问诊时间比儿科医生更长，平均时长与助理医师的问诊时间直接相关。在四种环境中的三种里，接受访谈的患者认为儿科医生和PNP在个人特质方面没有差异。在第四种环境中，二者得分都很高，但儿科医生的排名高于PNP。
