Guarracino F
Unità di Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva Cardiochirurgica, Ospedale Umberto I, Via Circonvallazione, 50, 20171 Venezia-Mestre.
Minerva Anestesiol. 2001 Apr;67(4):320-4.
Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is a semi-invasive diagnostic tool which allows a unique intraoperative visualization of cardiac chambers and valves. It is mainly used for intraoperative monitoring during cardiac surgery and in cardiopathic patients undergoing major non cardiac surgical procedures. TEE gives a beat-to-beat assessment of cardiac morphology and function, it is less invasive and more readily performed than pulmonary artery catheterization, and it allows an etiological diagnosis of hemodynamic problems. Based on TEE data, the anesthesiologist is able to modify in real time vasoactive therapy and fluid management. TEE data concern: 1) preload: left ventricular endodiastolic area is measured and this is considered an index of volemia; 2) systolic function: the circumferential shortening fraction, which correlates with LV ejection fraction, is measured; 3) onset of ischemia: ischemia is detected as a regional modification of normal kinetics; 4) causes of hemodynamic instability; 5) assessment of sovrahepatic anastomoses during liver transplantation.
经食管超声心动图（TEE）是一种半侵入性诊断工具，可在术中对心脏腔室和瓣膜进行独特的可视化观察。它主要用于心脏手术期间的术中监测以及接受重大非心脏外科手术的心脏病患者。TEE可逐搏评估心脏形态和功能，与肺动脉导管插入术相比，其侵入性较小且更容易实施，并且能够对血流动力学问题进行病因诊断。基于TEE数据，麻醉医生能够实时调整血管活性药物治疗和液体管理。TEE数据涉及：1）前负荷：测量左心室舒张末期面积，这被视为血容量指标；2）收缩功能：测量与左心室射血分数相关的圆周缩短率；3）缺血的发生：缺血被检测为正常动力学的局部改变；4）血流动力学不稳定的原因；5）肝移植期间肝上吻合口的评估。
