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波兰煤矿排放含镭废水导致沉淀池和河流受到污染。

Contamination of settling ponds and rivers as a result of discharge of radium-bearing waters from Polish coal mines.

作者信息

Chalupnik S, Michalik B, Wysocka M, Skubacz K, Mielnikow A

机构信息

Laboratory of Radiometry, Central Mining Institute, 40-166 Katowice, Pl. Gwarkow 1, Poland.

出版信息

J Environ Radioact. 2001;54(1):85-98. doi: 10.1016/s0265-931x(00)00168-5.

Abstract

Saline waters from underground coal mines in Poland often contain natural radioactive isotopes, mainly 226Ra from the uranium decay series and 228Ra from the thorium series. Approximately 40% of the total amount of radium remains underground as radioactive deposits, but 225 MBq of 226Ra and 400 MBq of 228Ra are released daily into the rivers along with the other mine effluents from all Polish coal mines. Technical measures such as inducing the precipitation of radium in gobs, decreasing the amount of meteoric inflow water into underground workings, etc. have been undertaken in several coal mines, and as a result of these measures, the total amount of radium released to the surface waters has diminished by about 60% during the last 5-6 years. Mine water can have a severe impact on the natural environment, mainly due to its salinity. However, associated high levels of radium concentration in river waters, bottom sediments and vegetation have also been observed. Sometimes radium concentrations in rivers exceed 0.7 kBq/m3, which is the permitted level for waste waters under Polish law. The extensive investigations described here were carried out for all coal mines and on this basis the total radium balance in the effluents has been calculated. Measurements in the vicinity of mine settling ponds and in rivers have given us an opportunity to study radium behaviour in river waters and to assess the degree of contamination. Solid waste materials with enhanced natural radioactivity have been produced in huge amounts in the power and coal industries in Poland. As a result of the combustion of coal in power plants, low-radioactive waste materials are produced, with 226Ra concentration seldom exceeding a few hundreds of Bq/kg. A different situation is observed in coal mines, where, as a result of precipitation of radium from radium-bearing waters, highly radioactive deposits are formed. Sometimes the radioactivity of such materials is extremely high; precipitates from coal mines may have radium concentrations of 400,000 Bq/kg--equivalent to 3% uranium ore. Usually, such deposition takes place underground, but sometimes co-precipitation of radium with barium takes place on the surface, in settling ponds and in rivers. Therefore management of solid waste with technologically enhanced natural radioactivity (TENR) is a very important subject.

摘要

波兰地下煤矿的盐水通常含有天然放射性同位素,主要是铀衰变系列中的226镭和钍系列中的228镭。镭总量的约40% 作为放射性沉积物留在地下,但每天有225兆贝克勒尔的226镭和400兆贝克勒尔的228镭与波兰所有煤矿的其他矿井废水一起排入河流。一些煤矿采取了诸如促使镭在矸石中沉淀、减少进入地下作业面的大气入流水量等技术措施,由于这些措施,在过去5至6年里,排放到地表水的镭总量减少了约60%。矿井水可能对自然环境产生严重影响,主要是因为其盐度。然而,在河水、底部沉积物和植被中也观察到了与之相关的高浓度镭。有时河流中的镭浓度超过0.7千贝克勒尔/立方米,这是波兰法律规定的废水允许水平。这里描述的广泛调查是针对所有煤矿进行的,并在此基础上计算了废水中的总镭平衡。在矿井沉淀池附近和河流中的测量使我们有机会研究镭在河水中的行为并评估污染程度。波兰的电力和煤炭行业产生了大量具有增强天然放射性的固体废物。由于发电厂燃烧煤炭,产生了低放射性废料,其226镭浓度很少超过几百贝克勒尔/千克。煤矿中情况不同,由于含镭水沉淀镭,形成了高放射性沉积物。有时这类物质的放射性极高;煤矿沉淀物中的镭浓度可能达到400,000贝克勒尔/千克,相当于3%的铀矿石。通常,这种沉淀发生在地下,但有时镭与钡的共沉淀发生在地表、沉淀池和河流中。因此,管理具有技术增强天然放射性(TENR)的固体废物是一个非常重要的课题。

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