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越南地下水和饮用水中的砷污染:对人类健康的威胁。

Arsenic contamination of groundwater and drinking water in Vietnam: a human health threat.

作者信息

Berg M, Tran H C, Nguyen T C, Pham H V, Schertenleib R, Giger W

机构信息

Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.

出版信息

Environ Sci Technol. 2001 Jul 1;35(13):2621-6. doi: 10.1021/es010027y.

Abstract

This is the first publication on arsenic contamination of the Red River alluvial tract in the city of Hanoi and in the surrounding rural districts. Due to naturally occurring organic matter in the sediments, the groundwaters are anoxic and rich in iron. With an average arsenic concentration of 159 micrograms/L, the contamination levels varied from 1 to 3050 micrograms/L in rural groundwater samples from private small-scale tubewells. In a highly affected rural area, the groundwater used directly as drinking water had an average concentration of 430 micrograms/L. Analysis of raw groundwater pumped from the lower aquifer for the Hanoi water supply yielded arsenic levels of 240-320 micrograms/L in three of eight treatment plants and 37-82 micrograms/L in another five plants. Aeration and sand filtration that are applied in the treatment plants for iron removal lowered the arsenic concentrations to levels of 25-91 micrograms/L, but 50% remained above the Vietnamese Standard of 50 micrograms/L. Extracts of sediment samples from five bore cores showed a correlation of arsenic and iron contents (r2 = 0.700, n = 64). The arsenic in the sediments may be associated with iron oxyhydroxides and released to the groundwater by reductive dissolution of iron. Oxidation of sulfide phases could also release arsenic to the groundwater, but sulfur concentrations in sediments were below 1 mg/g. The high arsenic concentrations found in the tubewells (48% above 50 micrograms/L and 20% above 150 micrograms/L) indicate that several million people consuming untreated groundwater might be at a considerable risk of chronic arsenic poisoning.

摘要

这是关于河内市及周边农村地区红河冲积平原砷污染的首次报道。由于沉积物中天然存在的有机物,地下水缺氧且富含铁。农村地区私人小型管井的地下水样本中,砷平均浓度为159微克/升,污染水平在1至3050微克/升之间变化。在一个受影响严重的农村地区,直接用作饮用水的地下水平均浓度为430微克/升。对从河内供水系统下部含水层抽取的原地下水进行分析,结果显示,八个处理厂中有三个厂的砷含量为240 - 320微克/升,另外五个厂为37 - 82微克/升。处理厂用于除铁的曝气和砂滤工艺将砷浓度降低至25 - 91微克/升,但仍有50%高于越南50微克/升的标准。五个钻孔岩芯沉积物样本的提取物显示,砷含量与铁含量存在相关性(r2 = 0.700,n = 64)。沉积物中的砷可能与氢氧化铁有关,并通过铁的还原溶解释放到地下水中。硫化物相的氧化也可能将砷释放到地下水中,但沉积物中的硫浓度低于1毫克/克。管井中发现的高砷浓度(48%高于50微克/升,20%高于150微克/升)表明,数百万饮用未经处理地下水的人可能面临相当大的慢性砷中毒风险。

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