Slone D H, Croft B A
Entomology Department, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, USA.
Exp Appl Acarol. 2001;25(2):109-26. doi: 10.1023/a:1010640631355.
Predator-predator, predator-prey, and prey-prey associations among nine species of mites were studied in a plot of 100 'Red Delicious' apple (Malus pumila Miller) trees from 1990 to 1997. In 1990, seven-year-old trees were inoculated with Panonychus ulmi (Koch), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) or both, and sprayed with azinphosmethyl (alone or plus endosulfan), or nothing. The species Zetzellia mali (Ewing) (Acari: Stigmaeidae), Amblyseius andersoni Chant (Acari: Phytoseiidae), Eotetranychus sp., Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten) (Acari: Tetranychidae), and Aculus schlechtendali Nalepa (Acari: Eriophyidae) were already present or immigrated into plots, and Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Tvphlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari: Phytoseiidae) were introduced. Yule's V association index was used to measure positive, neutral, or negative interspecific associations for each species pair, because of its robustness with spatially autocorrelated data. We found that pesticide and release treatments did not greatly affect the association results, but there were strong seasonal differences. Predator-predator associations were the strongest and most consistent, showing negative associations in the early and mid seasons, and neutral ones in late season. Negative associations of T pyri with other predators were the strongest, which is consistent with evidence that this mite can detect other predators on a leaf. Predatorprey seasonal associations were mixed, with some positive and others negative, with most significant associations occurring in the mid season. One prey-prey interaction was positive, again in mid season, most likely because of similar habitat preferences.
1990年至1997年期间，在一片有100棵“红元帅”苹果树（苹果属苹果种，米勒）的果园中，对9种螨类之间的捕食者 - 捕食者、捕食者 - 猎物和猎物 - 猎物关系进行了研究。1990年，对七年生的苹果树接种了榆全爪螨（科赫）、二斑叶螨（科赫）（蜱螨亚纲：叶螨科）或两者，并喷洒谷硫磷（单独使用或加硫丹），或不进行处理。泽氏苹果螨（尤因）（蜱螨亚纲：叶螨科）、安德森钝绥螨（钱特）（蜱螨亚纲：植绥螨科）、东方真叶螨、红蜘蛛（舍滕）（蜱螨亚纲：叶螨科）和苹果锈螨（纳莱帕）（蜱螨亚纲：瘿螨科）已存在于果园或迁入果园，同时引入了西方盲走螨（内斯比特）和梨盲走螨（舍滕）（蜱螨亚纲：植绥螨科）。由于尤尔V关联指数对空间自相关数据具有稳健性，因此用于测量每个物种对之间的正、中性或负种间关联。我们发现，农药处理和释放处理对关联结果影响不大，但存在强烈的季节差异。捕食者 - 捕食者关联最强且最一致，在季节早期和中期呈负关联，在季节后期呈中性关联。梨盲走螨与其他捕食者的负关联最强，这与该螨能在叶片上检测到其他捕食者的证据一致。捕食者 - 猎物的季节关联混合，有些为正，有些为负，最显著的关联发生在季节中期。一种猎物 - 猎物相互作用为正，同样在季节中期，最可能是由于栖息地偏好相似。
