Boone C M, Douma J W, Franke J P, de Zeeuw R A, Ensing K
Department of Bioanalysis and Toxicology, University Centre for Pharmacy, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
Forensic Sci Int. 2001 Sep 15;121(1-2):89-96. doi: 10.1016/s0379-0738(01)00457-1.
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a modern separation technique that has some distinct advantages for toxicological analysis, such as a high efficiency, fast analysis, flexibility, and complementary separation mechanisms to chromatographic methods. CE can be applied in various modes, which each have a different separation mechanism or selectivity. The most common mode is capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), in which charged analytes migrate in a buffer under the influence of an electric field. In micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), micelles are added to the buffer which interact with the analytes. MEKC can also be used for the separation of neutral compounds. In non-aqueous CE (NACE), the aqueous buffer is replaced by a background of electrolytes in organic solvents. A sample that needs to be screened can easily be analyzed subsequently by these CE modes using the same instrumentation. The aim of the study was to develop procedures for the analysis of basic and acidic drugs in serum and urine using CZE, MEKC, and NACE. A test mixture that consisted of six basic and six acidic compounds was used to study the separation behavior of five CE methods. The results showed that three methods (based on CZE, MEKC, and NACE) were suitable for the analysis of basic compounds and three methods (based on CZE and MEKC) for the analysis of acidic compounds. For the extraction of analytes from serum and urine, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) and a liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method were compared. Both SPE and LLE methods provided clean extracts after extraction of the basic compounds from serum and urine. The extracts of acidic compounds contained more matrix interferences, especially for urine. The SPE method had some advantages compared to LLE, as it lead to cleaner extracts and higher peaks, and as it elutes basic and acidic compounds in one fraction. The potentials and pitfalls of the various methods for screening purposes in analytical toxicology are discussed.
毛细管电泳（CE）是一种现代分离技术，在毒理学分析方面具有一些显著优势，如高效、分析速度快、灵活性高，以及与色谱方法互补的分离机制。CE可采用多种模式，每种模式都有不同的分离机制或选择性。最常见的模式是毛细管区带电泳（CZE），其中带电分析物在电场影响下在缓冲液中迁移。在胶束电动色谱（MEKC）中，将胶束添加到与分析物相互作用的缓冲液中。MEKC也可用于分离中性化合物。在非水CE（NACE）中，水性缓冲液被有机溶剂中的电解质背景所取代。随后，使用相同仪器，通过这些CE模式可以轻松分析需要筛查的样品。该研究的目的是开发使用CZE、MEKC和NACE分析血清和尿液中碱性和酸性药物的方法。使用由六种碱性和六种酸性化合物组成的测试混合物来研究五种CE方法的分离行为。结果表明，三种方法（基于CZE、MEKC和NACE）适用于碱性化合物的分析，三种方法（基于CZE和MEKC）适用于酸性化合物的分析。对于从血清和尿液中提取分析物，比较了固相萃取（SPE）和液液萃取（LLE）方法。从血清和尿液中提取碱性化合物后，SPE和LLE方法均提供了干净的提取物。酸性化合物的提取物含有更多的基质干扰，尤其是尿液。与LLE相比，SPE方法具有一些优势，因为它能得到更干净的提取物和更高的峰，并且它能在一个馏分中洗脱碱性和酸性化合物。讨论了分析毒理学中各种筛查方法的潜力和缺陷。
