Golueke C G, Diaz L F
CalRecovery, Inc., Hercules, California 94547, USA.
Waste Manag Res. 1991 Oct;9(5):415-23. doi: 10.1177/0734242X9100900159.
Wastes have been aptly defined as "items, i.e. resources, that have been discarded because their possessors no longer have an apparent use for them". Accordingly, "wastes" have a significance only in relation to the items and those who have discarded them. The discarded items now are resources awaiting reclamation. Reclamation usually involves either salvage or conversion--or in modern terminology, "reuse" or "recycling". Reclamation for reuse consists in refurbishing or other upgrading without significantly altering original form and composition. Examples of wastes amenable to reuse are containers (bottles, etc.), cartons and repairable tires. With "recycling" (i.e. conservation), the discarded items are processed such that they become raw material, i.e. resources in the manufacture of "new" products. The variety of processes is wide, ranging from simply physical (grinding) through thermal (melting, gasification, combustion), to biological (composting, biogasification, hydrolysis, microbial protein production). In the paper, reuse and recycling (conversion) are evaluated in terms of advantages and disadvantages (limitations) and their respective technologies are described and discussed in detail.
废物被恰当地定义为“物品，即资源，因其所有者不再对其有明显用途而被丢弃”。因此，“废物”仅相对于这些物品及其丢弃者才有意义。现在被丢弃的物品是有待回收的资源。回收通常涉及打捞或转化——用现代术语来说，即“再利用”或“回收利用”。再利用的回收包括翻新或其他升级，而不显著改变其原始形式和成分。适合再利用的废物例子有容器（瓶子等）、纸箱和可修复的轮胎。对于“回收利用”（即资源保护），被丢弃的物品经过处理后成为原材料，即制造“新产品”的资源。处理过程多种多样，从简单的物理过程（研磨）到热过程（熔化、气化、燃烧），再到生物过程（堆肥、生物气化、水解、微生物蛋白生产）。本文从优点和缺点（局限性）方面对再利用和回收利用（转化）进行了评估，并详细描述和讨论了它们各自的技术。
