Marsella Anthony J., Johnson Frank A., Johnson Colleen Leahy, Brennan Jerry
Department of Psychology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 or
Asian Am Pac Isl J Health. 1998 Winter;6(1):46-52.
PURPOSE. The present investigation tested the linear hypothesis of generational assimilation/acculturation among second (Nisei), third (Sansei) and fourth (Yonsei) generations of JapaneseAmericans in Hawaii. METHODOLOGY. Investigators assessed ethnic identity using the Ethnic Identity Questionnaire (EIQ), a widely studied instrument especially designed for use with Japanese ancestral populations. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. Results indicated that when holding gender constant, fourth-generation (Yonsei) JapaneseAmericans residing in Hawaii evidenced no differences from third-generation (Sansei) JapaneseAmericans in the extent of their ethnic identity with traditional Japanese culture as measured by the Ethnic Identity Questionnaire (EIQ). This finding can be contrasted to previous results comparing first (Issei), second (Nisei), and third (Sansei) generations of Japanese-Americans in which the different generations demonstrated a linear progression toward reduced identification with Japanese culture. When gender by generation relationships were analyzed using a two (male versus female) by three (Nisei, Sansei, Yonsei) cell analysis of variance, gendergeneration inter-relationships were found, suggesting ethnic identity is complexly determined by gender variables. CONCLUSIONS. Ethnic identity appears to be a function of local, national, and even international factors. Simple linear assimilation hypotheses do not capture the complexity of the ethnic identification process. This is the first evidence of an attenuation in the progressive reduction of ethnic identification with Japanese culture among Japanese-Americans living in Hawaii across the generations. Efforts must be made to study acculturation within specific behavioral domains and contexts, and to control for generation, age and historical variables. RELEVANCE TO ASIAN-AMERICAN/PACIFIC ISLANDER POPULATIONS. This article adds to our understanding of assimilation/acculturation processes among JapaneseAmericans and raises questions about this process for other recent Asian immigrant groups. KEY WORDS. Ethnic Identity, Japanese-Amercans, Acculturation, Assimilation.
目的。本研究检验了夏威夷日裔美国人第二代（二代移民）、第三代（三代移民）和第四代（四代移民）之间代际同化/文化适应的线性假设。方法。研究人员使用族裔认同问卷（EIQ）评估族裔认同，该问卷是一种经过广泛研究的工具，专门设计用于与有日本血统的人群。主要发现。结果表明，在性别不变的情况下，居住在夏威夷的第四代（四代移民）日裔美国人在通过族裔认同问卷（EIQ）衡量的与传统日本文化的族裔认同程度上，与第三代（三代移民）日裔美国人没有差异。这一发现与之前比较日裔美国人第一代（一代移民）、第二代（二代移民）和第三代（三代移民）的结果形成对比，在之前的结果中，不同代际呈现出与日本文化认同逐渐减少的线性趋势。当使用二（男性与女性）乘三（二代移民、三代移民、四代移民）的方差分析单元格分析来分析性别与代际关系时，发现了性别与代际的相互关系，这表明族裔认同是由性别变量复杂决定的。结论。族裔认同似乎是当地、国家乃至国际因素的函数。简单的线性同化假设无法捕捉族裔认同过程的复杂性。这是居住在夏威夷的日裔美国人各代之间与日本文化的族裔认同逐渐减少趋势减弱的首个证据。必须努力研究特定行为领域和背景下的文化适应，并控制代际、年龄和历史变量。与亚裔美国人/太平洋岛民群体的相关性。本文增进了我们对日裔美国人同化/文化适应过程的理解，并对其他近期亚洲移民群体的这一过程提出了疑问。关键词。族裔认同、日裔美国人、文化适应、同化
