Entry J A, Farmer N
USDA-ARS, Northwest Irrigation and Soils Research Lab., Kimberly, ID 83443, USA.
J Environ Qual. 2001 Sep-Oct;30(5):1533-9. doi: 10.2134/jeq2001.3051533x.
Large-scale deposition of animal manure can result in contamination of surface and ground water and in potential transfer of disease-causing enteric bacteria to animals or humans. We measured total coliform bacteria (TC), fecal coliform bacteria (FC), NO3, NH4, total P, and PO4 in ground water flowing from basalt and sand aquifers, in wells into basalt and sand aquifers, in irrigation water, and in river water. Samples were collected monthly for 1 yr. Total coliform and FC numbers were always higher in irrigation water than in ground water, indicating that soil and sediment filtered most of these bacteria before they entered the aquifers. Total coliform and FC numbers in ground water were generally higher in the faster flowing basalt aquifer than in the sand aquifer, indicating that the slower flow and finer grain size may filter more TC and FC bacteria from water. At least one coliform bacterium/100 mL of water was found in ground water from both basalt and sand aquifers, indicating that ground water pumped from these aquifers is not necessarily safe for human consumption according to the American Public Health Association and the USEPA. The NO3 concentrations were usually higher in water flowing from the sand aquifer than in water flowing from the basalt aquifer or in perched water tables in the basalt aquifer. The PO4 concentrations were usually higher in water flowing from the basalt aquifer than in water flowing from the sand aquifer. The main concern is fecal contamination of these aquifers and health consequences that may arise from human consumption.
大规模堆放动物粪便会导致地表水和地下水受到污染，并可能使致病肠道细菌传播给动物或人类。我们测量了从玄武岩和砂岩含水层流出的地下水、玄武岩和砂岩含水层中的井水、灌溉水以及河水中的总大肠菌群（TC）、粪大肠菌群（FC）、NO3、NH4、总磷和PO4。每月采集样本，持续1年。灌溉水中的总大肠菌群和FC数量始终高于地下水中的数量，这表明土壤和沉积物在这些细菌进入含水层之前过滤了大部分细菌。玄武岩含水层中流动较快的地下水中的总大肠菌群和FC数量通常高于砂岩含水层中的，这表明流速较慢和颗粒较细可能会从水中过滤掉更多的TC和FC细菌。在玄武岩和砂岩含水层的地下水中均发现每100毫升水中至少有1个大肠菌群细菌，这表明根据美国公共卫生协会和美国环境保护局的标准，从这些含水层抽取的地下水不一定适合人类饮用。砂岩含水层流出的水中的NO3浓度通常高于玄武岩含水层流出的水或玄武岩含水层中的上层滞水。玄武岩含水层流出的水中的PO4浓度通常高于砂岩含水层流出的水。主要问题是这些含水层受到粪便污染以及人类饮用可能产生的健康后果。
