Horowitz M J
Int J Psychoanal Psychother. 1975;4:167-80.
Narcissistic defects are often associated with the use of habitual defensive operations in which meanings are shifted in order to protect the self-concept. Such cognitive maneuvers, used as a character style, not only protect against threatening ideas and emotional responses, but also lead to a constellation of traits and patterns of relationship that constitute a narcissistic personality disorder. Reconstruction, with clear designations of a self-as-actor, are useful in the psychotherapy of such persons provided that these reconstructions are done with the utmost tact and concern for maintenance of the therapeutic relationship.
自恋缺陷通常与习惯性防御操作的使用相关联，在这些操作中，意义会发生转移以保护自我概念。这种作为一种性格风格使用的认知策略，不仅能抵御威胁性的想法和情绪反应，还会导致一系列构成自恋型人格障碍的特质和关系模式。明确指定自我为行动者的重构，在对此类人的心理治疗中是有用的，前提是这些重构要以最大的机智并出于对维持治疗关系的关切来进行。
