Kardel T
J Hist Neurosci. 1996 Aug;5(2):100-7. doi: 10.1080/09647049609525657.
Niels Stensen in 1667 in the first systematic analysis of muscle fibre contraction described the unipennate actuator of skeletal muscles, now applied in computer programs simulating muscular action. Three years later Thomas Willis partially approved Stensen's description and brought an exact anatomical illustration from an ox, probably drawn by Christopher Wren. This new concept and theory was, however, refuted by Mayow, Borelli, Johann Bernoulli, Boerhaave and von Haller and became almost forgotten until the anatomical rediscovery in 1981.
1667年，尼尔斯·斯滕森在对肌肉纤维收缩进行的首次系统分析中，描述了骨骼肌的单羽状致动器，如今该致动器已应用于模拟肌肉动作的计算机程序中。三年后，托马斯·威利斯部分认可了斯滕森的描述，并带来了一幅可能由克里斯托弗·雷恩绘制的牛的精确解剖插图。然而，这一新概念和理论遭到了梅奥、博雷利、约翰·伯努利、布尔哈夫和冯·哈勒的驳斥，几乎被遗忘，直到1981年被重新发现。
