Buckingham H W, Finger S
Interdepartmental Linguistics Program, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 70803-3923, USA.
J Hist Neurosci. 1997 Apr;6(1):21-37. doi: 10.1080/09647049709525683.
The idea that there are certain "laws" of learning (similarity, contrast, contiguity) can be traced to Aristotle. He maintained that external stimuli cause small movements in the vessels to the dominant heart, the vestiges of which can be linked to one another. Aristotle's laws of learning were incorporated into the writings of Hobbes, Locke, and Berkeley, men who said nothing about the physiological correlates of mental associations. This left the door open for David Hartley to combine mental associationism with the Newtonian idea that sensations can cause minute particle vibrations in the nerves. Hartley's amalgam of psychology, philosophy, and neurology was first presented in 1746, as a "trial balloon" at the end a little-known monograph on a treatment for kidney stones. It was repeated three years later in his better-known Observations on Man. In many ways, modern psychobiological connectionism can be traced back to Hartley's Conjectures of 1746, in which Aristotle's original thoughts were modified with then current ideas about functions of the mind and the nervous system.
认为存在某些学习“定律”（相似性、对比性、连续性）的观点可以追溯到亚里士多德。他认为外部刺激会使血管向主导的心脏产生微小运动，这些运动的痕迹可以相互联系起来。亚里士多德的学习定律被纳入了霍布斯、洛克和贝克莱的著作中，而这些人对于心理联想的生理关联未置一词。这就为大卫·哈特利敞开了大门，他将心理联想主义与牛顿的观点相结合，即感觉能够在神经中引起微小粒子的振动。哈特利将心理学、哲学和神经学融合在一起的观点于1746年首次提出，作为一本关于肾结石治疗的鲜为人知的专著末尾的一个“试探气球”。三年后，在他更著名的《对人的观察》中再次提及。在许多方面，现代心理生物学联结主义可以追溯到哈特利1746年的猜想，其中亚里士多德的原始思想被当时关于心智和神经系统功能的观点所修正。
