Weijers I, Tonkens E
Department of Education, Universiteit Utrecht, Heidelberglaan, The Netherlands.
Soc Hist Med. 1999 Dec;12(3):351-69. doi: 10.1093/shm/12.3.351.
Educational and therapeutic optimism with respect to those with learning disabilities led to new developments in some countries around the mid-nineteenth century. In the Netherlands there was little specialist care and few special initiatives were taken before the end of the century. The dominant expert opinion was that these people required the standard care offered by the asylum. Two mid-nineteenth-century initiatives, however, are worth analysing, since they signal the cautious start of special institutional education in the Netherlands: the Idiotenschool (School for Idiots) in The Hague and the class for idiots at the Meerenberg Asylum. However, the most important alternative to care in the asylum was offered by institutions with explicitly religious motives, which evolved from Catholic charity and Protestant philanthropy for many different types of socially weak and dependent groups. This article will examine the nineteenth-century religious roots of the care of people with learning disabilities in the Netherlands; it will also show how older educational ideas began to reappear in this context by the end of the century.
19世纪中叶前后，针对学习障碍者的教育和治疗乐观态度在一些国家带来了新的发展。在荷兰，直到世纪末，专门护理很少，特殊举措也寥寥无几。当时占主导地位的专家意见是，这些人需要收容所提供的标准护理。然而，19世纪中叶的两项举措值得分析，因为它们标志着荷兰特殊机构教育的谨慎开端：海牙的白痴学校（智障学校）和梅伦贝格收容所的智障班。然而，收容所护理的最重要替代方案是由具有明确宗教动机的机构提供的，这些机构源自天主教慈善事业和新教慈善活动，面向许多不同类型的社会弱势群体和依赖群体。本文将探讨荷兰19世纪对学习障碍者护理的宗教根源；还将展示到世纪末，旧有的教育理念是如何在这种背景下重新出现的。
