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In this paper some of the philosophical problems of the history of neurophysiology are discussed, paying special attention to the credit going to Hegel, Rene Decart, to the Russian materialistic school, led by I. P. Pavlov and others. Of particular interest is the interpretation of the following problems: the historical consistency of the appearance of the basic conceptions with which the pre-Pavlov neurophysiology was chiefly concerned, the logical subordination of its categories and ideas, the creation of the basic concepts in the study of the higher nervous activity by I. P. Pavlov, their logical and practical substantiation and the like. An attempt is made, proceeding from dialectic materialism positions, for interpretation of the problems posed, which are of paramount theoretic and practical importance for science and life.