Starkstein S E, Goldar J C, Hodgkiss A
Raul Carrea Institute of Neurological Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Hist Psychiatry. 1995 Jun;6(22 Pt 2):201-7. doi: 10.1177/0957154X9500602205.
Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome described by Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum in 1874. Based on Kahlbaum's own description and Carl Wernicke's hypothesis about the mechanism of catatonia, we describe two types of catatonic domain: the akinetic motality psychosis, which is characterized by rigid immobility, fixed gaze, lack of blink, and cogwheel rigidity, and catatonia sensu strictu, which is characterized by spasms, iterations and verbigerations. The loss of motility allows the 'hypobulic levels' described by Kretschmer in 1920, which consist of aggressive acts, furious shouting, hyperactivity and orality, to break through. These behaviours are present in the hyperkinetic variant of catatonia and may result from a reduction of dopaminergic innervation and the release of limbic and neocortical mechanisms containing behavioural programmes.
紧张症是卡尔·路德维希·卡尔鲍姆于1874年描述的一种神经精神综合征。基于卡尔鲍姆自己的描述以及卡尔·韦尼克关于紧张症机制的假说，我们描述了两种类型的紧张症领域：运动不能性缄默症精神病，其特征为僵硬不动、凝视固定、不眨眼以及齿轮样强直；以及狭义紧张症，其特征为痉挛、重复动作和言语重复。运动能力的丧失使得克雷奇默在1920年所描述的“下丘脑水平”得以突破，这些“下丘脑水平”包括攻击行为、狂怒呼喊、多动和口欲。这些行为存在于紧张症的多动型变体中，可能是由于多巴胺能神经支配减少以及包含行为程序的边缘和新皮质机制的释放所致。
