Inadequacies with the ACOG and AAP statements on managing ethical conflict during the intrapartum period.

[The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists] takes the view that respect for the autonomy of the pregnant woman should be almost absolute and [the American Academy of Pediatrics] takes the view that respect for the autonomy of the pregnant woman should be limited or prima facie in character. ACOG's reading of this central bioethical principle admits of virtually no exceptions, while AAP's reading does allow exceptions....A complete account of obstetric ethics that would apply in clinical practice during the intrapartum period must take into account both negative and positive autonomy-based rights of the pregnant woman and beneficence-based obligations to the at-term fetus -- and to the pregnant woman, as well. Such an account will be, we believe, more clinically applicable than the accounts offered by ACOG and AAP.