Animals, science, and ethics -- Section II. Animals in science: the justification issue.

Section II, addressing the ethical justification of the uses of animals in science, does not offer "decisive" arguments for or against particular uses. Rather, conflicting values, goods, and responsibilities pertaining to both humans and animals are identified. Particular uses of animals demand the careful consideration of various ethical claims, which will always require the developed art and wisdom of ethical judgment and will never be reduced to a systematic science. Competing ultimate goods or values and the concrete complexity of the real world defy such rational, abstract, or logical harmony.