Spencer J P, Smith L B, Thelen E
Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA.
Child Dev. 2001 Sep-Oct;72(5):1327-46. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00351.
Recently, Smith, Thelen, and colleagues proposed a dynamic systems account of the Piagetian "A-not-B" error in which infants' errors result from general processes that make goal-directed actions to remembered locations. Based on this account, the A-not-B error should be a general phenomenon, observable in different tasks and at different points in development. Smith, Thelen, et al.'s proposal was tested using an A-not-B version of a sandbox task. During three training trials and three "A" trials, 2-year-olds watched as a toy was buried in a sandbox at Location A. Following a 10-s delay, children searched for the object. Across five experiments, children's (total N = 92) performance on the A trials was accurate. After the A trials, children watched as a toy was hidden at Location B, 8 to 10 inches from Location A. In all experiments, children's searches after a 10-s delay were significantly biased in the direction of Location A. Furthermore, this bias toward Location A decreased with repeated trials to Location B, as well as when children completed fewer trials to Location A. Together, these data suggest that A-not-B-type errors are pervasive across tasks and development.
最近，史密斯、特伦及其同事提出了一种关于皮亚杰“ A非B”错误的动态系统解释，即婴儿的错误源于使目标导向动作指向记忆位置的一般过程。基于这一解释，“ A非B”错误应该是一种普遍现象，在不同任务和发展的不同阶段都可观察到。使用沙盒任务的“ A非B”版本对史密斯、特伦等人的提议进行了测试。在三次训练试验和三次“ A”试验中，两岁的儿童看着一个玩具被埋在沙盒中的A位置。经过10秒的延迟后，孩子们寻找该物体。在五个实验中，孩子们（总样本量N = 92）在“ A”试验中的表现是准确的。在“ A”试验之后，孩子们看着一个玩具被藏在距离A位置8到10英寸的B位置。在所有实验中，经过10秒延迟后孩子们的搜索明显偏向A位置的方向。此外，随着对B位置重复试验，以及孩子们对A位置进行的试验次数减少，这种对A位置的偏向也会减少。总之，这些数据表明“ A非B”型错误在不同任务和发展阶段中普遍存在。
