Kopp M, Csoboth C
Fogorv Sz. 2001 Oct;94(5):177-82.
The mortality rate of middle-aged (55-64 years old) men in Hungary today is higher--even in absolute terms--than it was in the 1930s. Within this age-group the death rate is extremely high among the lower socio-economic classes. The odds ratio of the incidence of death is 1.8 times higher among males aged up to 74 years with no high-school education than the same age groups with higher education. Some 40% of these differences can be accounted to the self destructive behavioral risk factors (alcoholism, tobacco smoking) being more prevalent in the lower socio-economic groups. According to the results of the presented national representative survey counted in Hungary among 12.640 subjects in 1995, 45% of the males and 26.6% of the females smoked. Among the male and female cohorts under 45 years of age, 47.9% and 31.9% smoked respectively. Among the males the number of daily cigarette consumption and the volume of daily alcohol intake was inversely related to the educational level. This negative correlation was not so clear among the female probands. The health promotion programs can only achieve their goals if they are to target the psychological and motivational background of the self destructive behavioral risk factors.
如今，匈牙利中年男性（55至64岁）的死亡率更高——即使是从绝对数字来看——也高于20世纪30年代。在这个年龄组中，社会经济地位较低阶层的死亡率极高。在74岁及以下未接受高中教育的男性中，死亡发生率的比值比是同年龄组接受高等教育男性的1.8倍。这些差异中约40%可归因于自我毁灭行为风险因素（酗酒、吸烟）在社会经济地位较低群体中更为普遍。根据1995年在匈牙利对12640名受试者进行的全国代表性调查结果，45%的男性和26.6%的女性吸烟。在45岁及以下的男性和女性队列中，吸烟率分别为47.9%和31.9%。在男性中，每日吸烟量和每日饮酒量与教育水平呈负相关。在女性受试者中，这种负相关并不那么明显。健康促进项目只有针对自我毁灭行为风险因素的心理和动机背景，才能实现其目标。
