Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica: report of three cases.

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a rare disease characterized by the presence of osseous and cartilaginous submucosal nodules in the tracheobronchial tree. The majority of patients remain asymptomatic; however, a small number develop severe airway stenosis. Symptoms may include dyspnea, hoarseness, cough, hemoptysis, and recurrent pneumonia. Plain chest X-ray films are often unremarkable but may demonstrate atelectasis, consolidation, tracheal nodularity, or narrowing. CT reveals tracheal nodularity with calcification and narrowing. This article reviews the cross-sectional imaging characteristics of TO.