Gaskin Amanda A, Schantz Peter, Jackson Joan, Birkenheuer Adam, Tomlinson Lindsay, Gramiccia Marina, Levy Michael, Steurer Frank, Kollmar Eleanor, Hegarty Barbara C, Ahn Albert, Breitschwerdt Edward B
Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27603, USA.
J Vet Intern Med. 2002 Jan-Feb;16(1):34-44. doi: 10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0034:vliany>2.3.co;2.
Although endemic throughout much of the world, autochthonous visceral leishmaniasis has been reported on only 3 previous occasions in North America. After diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in 4 foxhounds from a kennel in Dutchess County, New York (index kennel), serum and ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-anticoagulated blood were collected from the remaining 108 American or cross-bred foxhounds in the index kennel and from 30 Beagles and Basset Hounds that were periodically housed in the index kennel. Samples were analyzed for antibodies to or DNA of tickborne disease pathogens and Leishmania spp. Most dogs had antibodies to Rickettsia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Babesia spp., or some combination of these pathogens but not to Bartonella vinsonii (berkhoffi). However, DNA of rickettsial, ehrlichial, or babesial agents was detected in only 9 dogs. Visceral leishmaniasis was diagnosed in 46 of 112 (41%) foxhounds from the index kennel but was not diagnosed in any of the Beagles and Basset Hounds. A positive Leishmania status was defined by 1 or more of the following criteria: a Leishmania antibody titer > or = 1:64, positive Leishmania polymerase chain reaction (PCR), positive Leishmania culture, or identification of Leishmania amastigotes by cytology or histopathology. The species and zymodeme of Leishmania that infected the foxhounds was determined to be Leishmania infantum MON-1 by isoenzyme electrophoresis. Foxhounds that were > 18 months of age or that had traveled to the southeastern United States were more likely to be diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis. Transmission of Leishmania spp. in kennel outbreaks may involve exposure to an insect vector, direct transmission, or vertical transmission.
尽管内脏利什曼病在世界大部分地区呈地方性流行，但此前北美洲仅报告过3例本土内脏利什曼病病例。在纽约达奇斯县一个犬舍（索引犬舍）的4只猎狐犬被诊断为内脏利什曼病后，从索引犬舍中剩余的108只美国猎狐犬或杂交猎狐犬以及定期寄养在索引犬舍的30只比格犬和巴吉度猎犬中采集了血清和乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）抗凝血液。对样本进行分析，检测蜱传疾病病原体和利什曼原虫属的抗体或DNA。大多数犬只对立克次体属、埃立克体属、巴贝斯虫属或这些病原体的某种组合有抗体，但对文森巴尔通体（伯克霍夫亚种）没有抗体。然而，仅在9只犬中检测到立克次体、埃立克体或巴贝斯虫病原体的DNA。索引犬舍中112只猎狐犬中有46只（41%）被诊断为内脏利什曼病，但比格犬和巴吉度猎犬均未被诊断出该病。利什曼原虫阳性状态由以下一项或多项标准定义：利什曼原虫抗体滴度≥1:64、利什曼原虫聚合酶链反应（PCR）阳性、利什曼原虫培养阳性或通过细胞学或组织病理学鉴定出利什曼无鞭毛体。通过同工酶电泳确定感染猎狐犬的利什曼原虫种类和酶带型为婴儿利什曼原虫MON-1。年龄超过18个月或去过美国东南部的猎狐犬更有可能被诊断为内脏利什曼病。犬舍疫情中利什曼原虫属的传播可能涉及接触昆虫媒介、直接传播或垂直传播。
