NF-kappaB and IkappaBalpha expression following traumatic brain injury to the immature rat brain.

NF-kappaB is one of the most important modulators of stress and inflammatory gene expression in the nervous system. In the adult brain, NF-kappaB upregulation has been demonstrated in neurons and glial cells in response to experimental injury and neuropathological disorders, where it has been related to both neurodegenerative and neuroprotective activities. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cellular and temporal patterns of NF-kappaB activation and the expression of its endogenous inhibitor IkappaBalpha following traumatic brain injury (TBI) during the early postnatal weeks, when the brain presents elevated levels of plasticity and neuroprotection. Our results showed that cortical trauma to the 9-day-old rat brain induced a very fast upregulation of NF-kappaB, which was maximal within the first 24 hours after injury. NF-kappaB was mainly observed in neuronal cells of the degenerating cortex as well as in astrocytes located in the corpus callosum adjacent to the injury, where a pulse-like pattern of microglial NF-kappaB activation was also found. In addition, astrocytes of the corpus callosum, and microglial cells to a lower extent, also showed de novo expression of IkappaBalpha within the time of NF-kappaB activation. This study suggests an important role of NF-kappaB activation in the early mechanisms of neuronal death or survival, as well as in the development of the glial and inflammatory responses following traumatic injury to the immature rat brain.