Tagatz M E, Borthwick P W, Forester J
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1975;3(3):371-83. doi: 10.1007/BF02220749.
Four 28-day seasonal experiments were conducted using selected estuarine animals in outdoor tanks that received continuous flow of mirex-laden water. Mirex (dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta [cd] pentalene) leached from fire ant bait (0.3% mirex) by fresh water and then mixed with salt water was toxic to blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus), pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), and grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) but not to sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus), at concentrations less than 0.53 mug/L in water. The amount of leaching was greatest in summer and least in spring. Greatest mortality occurred in summer at the highest water temperature and concentration of mirex; least mortality occurred in spring at the next to the lowest temperature and at the lowest concentration. Earliest deaths of blue crabs occurred after six days of exposure and shrimps after two days. Small juvenile crabs were more sensitive to leached mirex than were large juveniles. Mirex did not appear to affect growth or frequency of molting in crabs. All exposed animals concentrated mirex. Among animals that survived for 28 days, sheepshead minnows concentrated mirex 40,800X above the concentration in the water, blue crabs 2,300X, pink shrimp 10,000X, and grass shrimp 10,800X. Sand substrata contained mirex up to 770X that in the water. Most control and exposed animals in samples examined histologically had normal tissues, but alteration in gills of some exposed fish and natural pathogens in some exposed and control crabs and shrimp were observed. The experiments demonstrated that mirex can be leached from bait by fresh water, concentrated by estuarine organisms, and can be toxic to crabs and shrimps.
利用选定的河口动物在户外水槽中进行了四项为期28天的季节性实验，水槽中的水持续流入含有灭蚁灵的水。灭蚁灵（十二氯八氢-1,3,4-亚甲基-2H-环丁烷[cd]戊搭烯）通过淡水从火蚁诱饵（0.3%灭蚁灵）中浸出，然后与盐水混合，在水中浓度低于0.53微克/升时，对蓝蟹（Callinectes sapidus）、粉红虾（Penaeus duorarum）和草虾（Palaemonetes pugio）有毒，但对美鳊（Cyprinodon variegatus）无毒。浸出量夏季最大，春季最小。死亡率最高发生在夏季，此时水温最高且灭蚁灵浓度最高；死亡率最低发生在春季，此时温度接近最低且浓度最低。蓝蟹最早在暴露六天后死亡，虾在暴露两天后死亡。小型幼蟹比大型幼蟹对浸出的灭蚁灵更敏感。灭蚁灵似乎不影响蟹的生长或蜕皮频率。所有暴露的动物都富集了灭蚁灵。在存活28天的动物中，美鳊富集的灭蚁灵比水中浓度高40800倍，蓝蟹高2300倍，粉红虾高10000倍，草虾高10800倍。沙质底质中灭蚁灵含量高达水中的770倍。在组织学检查的样本中，大多数对照和暴露动物的组织正常，但观察到一些暴露鱼类的鳃有变化，一些暴露和对照的蟹及虾中有天然病原体。实验表明，灭蚁灵可被淡水从诱饵中浸出，被河口生物富集，并且对蟹和虾有毒。
