Inman K, Rudin N
California Department of Justice, Berkeley, CA 94710, USA.
Forensic Sci Int. 2002 Mar 28;126(1):11-6. doi: 10.1016/s0379-0738(02)00031-2.
Forensic science is an applied science based on the laws of physics and chemistry. Over time, a set of fundamental concepts has developed that apply specifically to a forensic analysis. Traditionally, five concepts have been articulated: transfer, identification, individualization, association between source and target, and reconstruction. We suggest that an additional sixth concept, the idea that matter must divide before it can be transferred, is necessary to complete the paradigm. Divisible matter is particularly useful in describing physical match evidence. Additionally, we propose a paradigm that logically divides into scientific principles that govern the generation of evidence, and processes that pertain to the recognition, analysis, and interpretation of evidence. The principles of divisible matter and transfer pertain to the generation of evidence before and during the crime event; the processes of identification, classification or individualization, association, and reconstruction describe the practice of forensic science starting with the recognition of an item as evidence.
法医学是一门基于物理和化学定律的应用科学。随着时间的推移，已经形成了一套专门适用于法医分析的基本概念。传统上，人们阐述了五个概念：转移、识别、个体化、源与目标之间的关联以及重建。我们认为，为了完善这一范式，还需要一个额外的第六个概念，即物质在被转移之前必须先分离的观点。可分离物质在描述物理匹配证据方面特别有用。此外，我们提出了一个范式，该范式在逻辑上分为支配证据生成的科学原理以及与证据的识别、分析和解释相关的过程。可分离物质和转移的原理与犯罪事件发生之前和期间的证据生成有关；识别、分类或个体化、关联和重建的过程描述了从将物品识别为证据开始的法医学实践。
