Wu L, Green R L, Liu G, Yates M V, Pacheco P, Gan J, Yates S R
Dep. of Environ. Sci., Univ. of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
J Environ Qual. 2002 May-Jun;31(3):889-95. doi: 10.2134/jeq2002.8890.
Golf course putting greens typically receive high pesticide applications to meet high quality demands. Research on pesticide fate in turf ecosystems is important to better understand the potential impact of pesticide use on the environment and human health. This research was conducted to evaluate the environmental fate of two commonly used insecticides--trichlorfon (dimethyl 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethylphosphonate) and chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridylphosphorothioate)--in a creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) putting green under customary field management practices at the University of California-Riverside Turf Research Facility during 1996 and 1997. The two insecticides were chosen because of their difference in water solubility, persistence, adsorption, and vapor pressure. Volatilization, clipping removal, and soil residues of the insecticides were quantified and leaching was monitored using lysimeters installed in putting green plots. Results showed trichlorfon volatilization, clipping removal, and leaching loss was insignificant (in the range of 0.0001-0.06% of applied mass) both in 1996 and 1997. No significant difference in clipping removal of trichlorfon and chlorpyrifos was observed in both years (0.06 and 0.05% of applied mass for trichlorfon and 0.15 and 0.19% of applied mass for chlorpyrifos, respectively, in 1996 and 1997), but significantly lower cumulative leaching and lower soil concentration was observed in 1997 than in 1996. Volatilization loss of chlorpyrifos was not significantly different between 1996 (2.05%) and 1997 (2.71%). Volatilization loss of trichlorfon in 1996 (0.01%) was significantly higher than in 1997 (0.008%). This study demonstrated the fraction of applied insecticides leaving the turf putting greens was minimal.
高尔夫球场果岭通常需要大量施用农药以满足高质量要求。研究农药在草坪生态系统中的归宿对于更好地理解农药使用对环境和人类健康的潜在影响至关重要。本研究旨在评估1996年和1997年在加利福尼亚大学河滨分校草坪研究设施的匍匐翦股颖（Agrostis palustris Huds.）果岭上，按照常规田间管理措施，两种常用杀虫剂——敌百虫（二甲基2,2,2-三氯-1-羟乙基膦酸酯）和毒死蜱（O,O-二乙基O-3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶基硫代磷酸酯）的环境归宿。选择这两种杀虫剂是因为它们在水溶性、持久性、吸附性和蒸气压方面存在差异。对杀虫剂的挥发、修剪去除量和土壤残留量进行了量化，并使用安装在果岭地块中的渗漏计监测淋溶情况。结果表明，1996年和1997年敌百虫的挥发、修剪去除和淋溶损失均不显著（占施用量的0.0001 - 0.06%）。两年中，敌百虫和毒死蜱的修剪去除量均无显著差异（1996年和1997年，敌百虫分别为施用量的0.06%和0.05%，毒死蜱分别为施用量的0.15%和0.19%），但1997年的累积淋溶量和土壤浓度显著低于1996年。1996年（2.05%）和1997年（2.71%）毒死蜱的挥发损失无显著差异。1996年敌百虫的挥发损失（0.01%）显著高于1997年（0.008%）。本研究表明，施用的杀虫剂离开草坪果岭的比例极小。
