Delapille P, Verin E, Tourny-Chollet C
Centre d'Etudes des transformations des APS, Faculté des Sciences du Sport et de l'Education Physique de Rouen, Université de Rouen France.
Rev Mal Respir. 2002 Apr;19(2 Pt1):217-28.
The length of breath-hold duration in divers is dependant on a number of interacting variables which include mechanical factors (lung volumes), chemical factors (sensitivity to hypoxia and hypercapnia), non-chemical factors (involuntary muscular contractions), psychological factors (motivation, stress, competition) and various extrinsic factors (training, muscular exercise). These stimulus provoke the unpleasant sensation of an urge to breathe at the termination point of the breath hold. Training and experience produces adaptations in divers which decreases sensitivity to CO(2) and which delays and minimises the involuntary contractions of respiratory muscles provoked by the absence of respiratory movements. These adaptations modify the breaking point of, and increase the duration of breath holding. Godfrey & Campbell's model (1968), modified by Courteix et coll. (1993) and Delapille (2000), attempts to explain the control of breathing in the context of apnea and to define the effects of each of these stimulus on the respiratory activity of divers and non-divers.
潜水员的屏气时长取决于多个相互作用的变量，其中包括机械因素（肺容积）、化学因素（对低氧和高碳酸血症的敏感性）、非化学因素（非自主肌肉收缩）、心理因素（动机、压力、竞争）以及各种外在因素（训练、肌肉运动）。这些刺激在屏气结束时引发想要呼吸的不适感。训练和经验会使潜水员产生适应性变化，降低对二氧化碳的敏感性，并延迟和减少因呼吸运动缺失而引发的呼吸肌非自主收缩。这些适应性变化改变了屏气的临界点，并延长了屏气时长。戈弗雷和坎贝尔的模型（1968年），经库尔泰克斯等人（1993年）以及德拉皮尔（2000年）修改后，试图在呼吸暂停的背景下解释呼吸控制，并确定这些刺激因素各自对潜水员和非潜水员呼吸活动的影响。
