Goerig M, Schulte am Esch J
Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf.
Anaesthesiol Reanim. 2002;27(2):42-53.
The American dentist Horace Wells was the first to administer nitrous oxide for pain relief during painful tooth extractions. Since, however, an official demonstration of the pain-relieving properties of the gas at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston ended in failure, use of the drug was abandoned. A few years later, Gardner Quincey Colton, a former coworker of Wells, took up Wells' idea to use nitrous oxide for pain relief and this was instrumental in its reintroduction into daily practice. Colton's publications on the advantageous use of nitrous oxide caused Stanislav Klikovitch from St. Petersburg, Russia, to administer the drug for pain relief during labour. In order to minimize the risk of asphyxia during the inhalation of the gas, he used an anaesthetic mixture consisting of 80% nitrous oxide and 20% oxygen. Moreover, it is to Klikovitch that we owe the first description of effective self-administration of nitrous oxide mixtures for pain relief. He recommended that inhalation should start 30-60 seconds before the expected pain and said between 2 and 6 inhalations would give the expected effect. Additionally, he suggested taking deep breaths and doing so at the beginning of subsequent pains. This is the first description of patient-controlled analgesia. Klikovitch reported his experiences with the new anaesthetic method in several German-language publications. Among those who were fascinated by his pain-relieving concept was Paul Zweifel from Leipzig, one of the leading obstetricians of his time in Germany. Together with numerous of his pupils, he popularized the method, using new apparatus for a safer kind of administration. Further technical developments in the early twenties, such as the introduction of the circle system or the clinical use of oxygen-monitoring devices, were additional milestones in nitrous oxide/oxygen anaesthesia.
美国牙医霍勒斯·韦尔斯是首个在痛苦的拔牙过程中使用一氧化二氮缓解疼痛的人。然而，由于在波士顿的马萨诸塞州总医院对该气体止痛特性的官方演示以失败告终，这种药物的使用被放弃了。几年后，韦尔斯的前同事加德纳·昆西·科尔顿采纳了韦尔斯使用一氧化二氮缓解疼痛的想法，这有助于将其重新引入日常实践。科尔顿关于一氧化二氮有益用途的出版物促使俄罗斯圣彼得堡的斯坦尼斯拉夫·克利科维奇在分娩时使用该药物缓解疼痛。为了将吸入该气体时窒息的风险降至最低，他使用了一种由80%一氧化二氮和20%氧气组成的麻醉混合物。此外，正是克利科维奇首次描述了有效自我使用一氧化二氮混合物缓解疼痛的方法。他建议在预期疼痛前30至60秒开始吸入，并表示2至6次吸入会产生预期效果。此外，他建议深呼吸，并在随后疼痛开始时这样做。这是对患者自控镇痛的首次描述。克利科维奇在几本德语出版物中报告了他使用这种新麻醉方法的经验。他的止痛概念吸引了来自莱比锡的保罗·茨韦费尔，他是当时德国领先的产科医生之一。他和他的众多学生一起推广了这种方法，使用新设备进行更安全的给药。20世纪20年代初的进一步技术发展，如循环系统的引入或氧气监测设备的临床应用，是一氧化二氮/氧气麻醉的其他里程碑。
