Pediatric intestinal transplantation: historical notes, principles and controversies.

The development in technique and immunosuppressive management of the last 12 yr have made intestinal transplantation an effective treatment for children with intestinal failure. The information provided in this review support such a conclusion, but was more clearly validated by the March 2001 Medicare Report which provided a national coverage decision of the Social Security Act for intestinal transplantation. As of May 2001, there were 55 centers world-wide which have performed 696 intestinal transplants in 656 patients. (Intestinal Transplant Registry, http://www.lhsc.on.ca/itr) the majority of recipients have been children, and there has been a greater need for liver replacement in conjunction with the allograft intestine because of a higher incidence of TPN-induced cholestatic liver disease in children. Though overall long-term survival is approximately 50%, similar advances in surgical, clinical and immunosuppressive management since 1995 have improved patient survival to more than 70% in most experienced programs. Over 80% of survivors are enjoying nutrition-supporting intestinal function. The major causes of graft loss and patient demise continues to be rejection and infection. Tacrolimus remains the mainstay of immunosuppressive therapy. Further experience other induction protocols utilizing rapamycin and daclizumab, as well graft pretreatment protocols may further enhance results in the future.